Programmer creates 800,000 books algorithmically, starts selling them on Amazon

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/143382-programmer-creates-800000-books-algorithmically-starts-selling-them-on-amazon?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=programmer-creates-800000-books-algorithmically-starts-selling-them-on-amazon

by Libertatea • 14 years ago

151 138 14 years ago

extremetech.com

jbperry• 14 years ago

As formulaic as some series are, I wonder how long it will be until a best seller is "written" by a program?

jacquesm• 14 years ago

This is more like what I'd expect from a next generation search engine than from a book.

bennyg• 14 years ago

Sounds like a human-guided genetic algorithm might be able to handle this today.

scrumper2• 14 years ago

"The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed," written in 1983 by a program named Racter. Bestseller? It's very well known, but I don't know how well it sold.

bcoates• 14 years ago

Racter was more of a William S. Burroughs cut-up program, it mostly randomizes and regurgitates it's input. Policeman's Beard required carefully selected input and is on the border of being a hoax.

derleth8• 14 years ago

> "The Policeman's Beard" Was Largely Prefab!

http://www.robotwisdom.com/ai/racterfaq.html

This is an interesting web page that convincingly makes the case that "The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed" was written largely by the humans involved, with the program having a minimal role, and that the Racter program they sold to the public was incapable of reproducing the novel.

modarts• 14 years ago

I guess this is the physical manifestation of the "million monkeys on a typewriter" thought experiment.

alanh• 14 years ago

It made me think of Sarte’s infinite library, but the reality of these books looks nothing like either.

robflynn• 14 years ago

Your comment reminded me of this book:

http://www.amazon.com/The-Plagiarist-ebook/dp/B004ZUZT5W

fudged71• 14 years ago

Thanks for the link, this was really interesting. Compiling and creating content in a human readable for can be extremely valuable. I wonder if this system will be used for artificial intelligence purposes some day; learning about any topic on the web.

pbreit• 14 years ago

If Amazon's search and discovery work correctly, no one should see these books until they start generating sales. So it might almost be like they don't exist until/unless the "publisher" can generate some interest and sales.

mcantelon• 14 years ago

"Application is language independent." My guess is these "books" are pretty horrible. Interesting idea though.

kgc• 14 years ago

Title is incorrect. There are only 522826 of this author's books listed on Amazon, not 800000: http://goo.gl/byxKn

rwg• 14 years ago

Just what Amazon needs: 800,000 computer-generated books crapping up the listings along with the thousands of on-demand printed copies of Wikipedia articles. Wonderful.

podperson3• 14 years ago

Although, to be fair, while Amazon doesn't need this, it kind of deserves it.

jrockway• 14 years ago

How dare they let just anyone write a book. Printing presses should be reserved for the elite and people whose opinions I personally agree with.

oh_sigh2• 14 years ago

Why is that?

msutherl3• 14 years ago

I can't believe this guy has no sense of humor[1]! He's completely serious about providing a service and making tons of money from it.

In one question the interviewer asks: 'could you make a novel for instance?' to which he replies 'well, novels don't usually make money'. Wouldn't you think the correct answer would be 'well, it wouldn't be very good'?

Hauntology at its best[2].

[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8WuGKyBR90

[2] http://booktwo.org/notebook/hauntological-futures/

potatolicious• 14 years ago

> "to which he replies 'well, novels don't usually make money'. Wouldn't you think the correct answer would be 'well, it wouldn't be very good'?"

Perhaps the same question can be posed to many startup founders in our community. Very often people in the startup scene seem much more interested in extracting profit (or really, just making the exit) rather than creating something good (in whatever way that you might personally define goodness).

dasil0034• 14 years ago

It's not that he has no sense of humor, it's that the fact that the books aren't good is a foregone conclusion. The idea that one of his books could be good is just not even on his radar.

Confusion• 14 years ago

Your second link: I have no idea what it says. I read the citation and the first four paragraphs. It sounds like it came out of a postmodernism generator.

wdr1• 14 years ago

As long as you have good search functionality, it shouldn't matter. From what I can tell, so far Amazon does.

Zenst• 14 years ago

I'm sure this really not help in future digital library archieves for phrase searching.

Next we will have entire usenet archieves published as ebooks, least a few threads in there day of more interest.

drucken• 14 years ago

So ... automated content aggregation in book format?

Is it it just me or does it seem odd that the agents with the most,

* technology

* resources (spanning all non-technology areas including business and legal)

* digital content access

* familiarity

* etc.

chose not to create such offerings, not even via subsidiary or ex-employees.

I'm talking, of course, of agents such as Google.

To me this speaks volumes of whether this is ultimately (legally) viable...

Note. Publicity around this particular offering has been around since at least 2007, from what I can tell.

rockmeamedee• 14 years ago

These aren't actually 'books'. They're mostly business reports, which I hate to say, are already programmatically compiled by interns repetitively applying formulas in spreadsheets and building graphs from database queries. That's why they cost more than paperbacks, because "The 2009-2014 Outlook for Plastics Lamp Shades in the United States" is essential for the people in the business.

He also has medical dictionaries which seem to confuse his cause, as he explains "For health titles, only the format editing and production side is automated. The text in the health books was written by medical professionals and edited by a professional editor; the computer expedited formatting using about 50 odd routines (the preface, chapter intros, glossaries, indexes, headings, margins, etc.)"

bdcravens• 14 years ago

I looked at some of the author's titles - they all had one star

JasonFruit• 14 years ago

At 29 USD for 38 pages, Basketry[0] doesn't look like a particularly useful buy.

Also, from the description: "…editorial decisions to include or exclude events is purely a linguistic process." Is it really correct to describe that as an editorial decision? (Not to mention "editorial decisions…is"?)

[0] http://www.amazon.com/Basketry-Websters-Timeline-History-700...

greenyoda2• 14 years ago

The index for this book is also useless. It seems to index every word in the text, whether it's significant or not; for example, "September". Also the index has entries for "Nova" and "Scotia", but not "Nova Scotia" (which is presumably where these two words came from).

I don't think that real authors would face any significant competition from this guy.

rhizome3• 14 years ago

It also would seem to cast a lie to the claim that they are generated "algorithmically."

thematt• 14 years ago

Ugh. It feels like the cesspool of the SEO underworld is physically manifesting itself.

nickpinkston• 14 years ago

I was waiting for that to come from the 3D printing crowd, but books on-demand work too.

jiggy2011• 14 years ago

3D Spam? Oh my

DanBC3• 14 years ago

http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4919729

justhw• 14 years ago

This [1]The 2009-2014 Outlook for Wood Toilet Seats in Greater China seems to be the most reviewed book (35) at 3.3 stars, being sold for $495 USD.

[1] http://www.amazon.com/2009-2014-Outlook-Toilet-Seats-Greater...

jyap• 14 years ago

Should be noted that they are all joke reviews.

greenyoda2• 14 years ago

Check out the "customer images" for this book...

blazingfrog2• 14 years ago

Probably the best line in the wealth of well-written comments (yes, I'll admit I did read too many):

Also, I didn't like the Scratch N Sniff parts.

thetrb• 14 years ago

If it was $4.95 I might have ordered it as a Christmas gift. But $495 is slightly too much...

robryan3• 14 years ago

Yeah, there might be more of a market for actually buying these books as jokes.

Yhippa• 14 years ago

So this guy has been able to find a common schema across several different domains and add rules to it to churn out content. I like the concept. I watched the video in the article and could see how this could be used for instruction in the case where the resources like trained teachers are scarce.

I've had a feeling for a long time that due to the predictability of humans and our processes that it this is inevitable. I think it's great that he can do this for things like instruction but if this were to get "smart" enough that would put a lot of people out of work.

mylittlepony• 14 years ago

I think only humans can create IP, though IANAL.

quux2• 14 years ago

IANAL either but that's an interesting question. I think machines must be able to generate IP though, otherwise the output of something like Pixar's render farms wouldn't be considered copyrightable, only the source models, animations, textures, shaders etc.

lambda• 14 years ago

The output is considered to be a derivative work of the input, so the same copyright as the input applies. In the case of Pixar, the original models are definitely an original creative work, so the output is as well.

If you are simply using public domain databases as the input, and passing them through an automated process with no creative input, then you probably won't be able to get (or more to the point, enforce) a copyright on it.

Now, whether the databases he's using are copyrighted or not is an interesting question; as well as whether database copyrights even apply. Not all jurisdictions have the notion of database copyrights. Individual facts cannot be copyrighted; but collections of them can, at least in some jurisdictions. However, I don't know if the databases he is using are copyrighted or not.

darkarmani• 14 years ago

Well, when you use a computer to compile your source code it is still protected by copyright. You have affixed your creation to media. (There are some occurrences where you don't have to affix to media to get copyright -- yoga and dance choreography)

Copyright is supposed to protect an expression of an idea. I'm not sure how far you can bend the argument to say that computer reorganization of facts is expression.

For pixar and animations, the end result is an expression of artists' designs.

Can you have copyright without an expressive aspect? Is there any human expression in this output?

derleth8• 14 years ago

Assuming all this will be judged under American law, as Amazon is an American company, the interesting cases here are Feist v Rural:

> Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991),[1] commonly called Feist v. Rural, is an important United States Supreme Court case establishing that information alone without a minimum of original creativity cannot be protected by copyright.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist_v._Rural

(The specific holding was that you can't copyright the phone listings in a phone book because a simple alphabetical listing isn't creative enough.)

and Bridgeman v. Corel:

> Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), was a decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which ruled that exact photographic copies of public domain images could not be protected by copyright in the United States because the copies lack originality. Even if accurate reproductions require a great deal of skill, experience and effort, the key element for copyrightability under U.S. law is that copyrighted material must show sufficient originality.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_....

(Again, a court stated that in order to create a new copyright, the person had to exercise some creative spark; no machine alone can do that.)

> I'm not sure how far you can bend the argument to say that computer reorganization of facts is expression.

The Supreme Court seems to have said that it can't be a purely mechanical reordering. Of course, the whole point of having a judge is to create new judgements based on new fact patterns, so precedent isn't an absolute guide to future rulings.

xefer• 14 years ago

How does it determine the price? By the pound? Amazon should clearly mark these as computer generated. I'll bet most of the purchases are from people who didn't know what they were even getting.

tjr• 14 years ago

Maybe that random Amazon-buying-bot will end up getting some of these.

Thrall2• 14 years ago

Is there evidence that anyone's actually bought one?

robryan3• 14 years ago

Some people tend to assign a fair bit of trust to the Amazon brand (which may be eroded by things like this). The fact that a book is on Amazon may convince some people that it is a book of a quality you would usually expect from traditionally published works.

Steko• 14 years ago

Is there where we reap upvotes with strident comments about how terrible curation is? No, wait for the Apple articles? Hookay.

derleth8• 14 years ago

So 'curation' means 'arbitrarily refusing to let someone give something away for free for absolutely no good reason'?

http://www.jwz.org/blog/2012/07/apple-dicks/

(Oh. No. Apple had a very good reason: It was called xscreensaver and fuck you. I believe the second reason was the most important one.)

dasil0034• 14 years ago

Hm, but then they let it through:

http://www.jwz.org/blog/2012/08/xscreensaver-for-ios-now-ava...

I fail to see the point of your tangential vitriol.

rayiner2• 14 years ago

Yes, because giving people choices imposes a small but real cost upon them. It's science.

BrianPetro• 14 years ago

I could see this being useful to pull resources together for an abstract paper.

Putting this on amazon is definitely overkill for now. He should have proven the value by first generating books under his name and seeing the response.

krenoten• 14 years ago

The reviews tend to paint a pretty grim view of the quality of these books, but the sarcastic ones are some of the funniest reviews I've ever read.

Here's an honest one that shines a light on the quality:

"The description for this book is TOTALLY misleading. It is NOT a book of quotations and phrases. It is a reference book of where to look to find possible quotations- like the old filecard cabinets in the library. On the few pages where you can actally find a quote, it reads like this one: Jack London, from Jerry of the Islands, "I am writing these lines in Honolulu, Hawaii." Huh?? That's it. That's all there is! I'm not sure who would use this book. Certianly not me! I was very disappointed as I was looking for a collection of quotes from notables like Mark Twain, Jack London, etc."

Edit: Sort by avg rating. Goldmine of comedy in the reviews for "Butts" and "Scrotum" books. Wow.

Here's the review for "The 2009-2014 Outlook for Plastics Lamp Shades in the United States":

"(4/5 stars)An instant classic in the Icon style

While this outlook hardly holds a candle to comparable classics such as The World Market for Silica Sands and Quartz Sands: A 2009 Global Trade Perspective, the information is invaluable for any red-blooded American. The five-year span is parsed in fascinating prose, and the 176 pages fly by, feeling almost like a 150-page work.

Don't let your lack of background knowledge deter you - there isn't too much reference to the 2004-2009 report, and most of the important information is explained in exposition.

Luther Blaze runs the show in this non-stop thrill ride of an economic adventure. His last outing ended in the government setting up a secret commission to investigate his possible wrongdoing in stopping the mysterious project Mantis, but now he's back, and ready to run roughshod over anyone in his way.

At a price of approximately 2.81 per page, you know you're getting your money's worth with this paperback. It's a perfect read for the park, or a lazy Sunday afternoon. On a side note, this book is a real pick-up gem! I personally attracted no less than three beautiful women, all of whom wanted my thoughts on the challenging themes and motifs. They all gave their numbers, and there's been no looking back!

The biggest problems with this book are largely physical aspects of the book. I didn't care for the font too much. And the beige background on the cover betrays the intrigue within.

The Icon International group has hit another classic out of the park. I look forward to the next book with baited breath, and I can't wait to see how Agent 71 and Dash get out of this jam."

jonnathanson• 14 years ago

The funniest part of "Scrotum" is that it's priced at $28.95. For an 84-page paperback, whose sole purpose is to trace the usage of the word "scrotum" throughout an oddly specific period in English linguistic history (1678 - 2007). I mean, perhaps the content farmer should also write a pricing algorithm?

The review is, indeed, ball-bustingly hilarious.

ChuckMcM2• 14 years ago

So how soon before the algorithm then uses the comments as part of the next revision of the book? Its an interesting way to demonstrate the value proposition.

In this case algorithmically selecting stuff from around the web generates random books, but they have little value for the most part. Books that are researched and curated on the other hand have higher values. The only difference being the curation, not the basic information. So it gives you an insight into pricing curation.

Next up, a bot that sends out 800,000 DMCA takedown notices, oh wait we already have that for youtube.

iyulaev• 14 years ago

Reminds me of SCIgen: http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/scigen/

Generate conference-ready CS papers in seconds!

fold• 14 years ago

So good.

wazoox• 14 years ago

Thank you, you made my day. This is really fantastic, I particularly appreciate the nonsensical scales on the graphs (time expressed in dB, number of CPU in Joules) and the hilarious fake reference papers scattered with well known names (Even Erdos :).

halviti• 14 years ago

You might be entertained to know that a peer-reviewed journal went as far as to accept a generated paper for publication.

http://thatsmathematics.com/blog/archives/102

jsilence• 14 years ago

In the video it can be seen that a fair amount of what the automated system does is versatile formatting ... in Word and Excel. But why oh why? (Semi)-automated formatting of documents is a problem that has been solved with expert results in LaTeX.

Also deviations in the data are recognized and highlited, but not (yet?) examined and elaborated upon. No doubt this will be possible in the near future.

So, kudos for the general approach. Can't wait for the automated reading programs for digesting these books. And that is meant only half jokingly. The data is there, the general knowledge is there and there is enough reasoning power to draw conclusions. The next step would be to make automated descisions based on the available data, so politicians could join the authors in beeing unemployed...

Well I for one welcome our new text blasting overlords.

jcfrei• 14 years ago

Kinda reminds of the analogy about monkeys writing on typewriters, where a million monkeys would in a thousand years come up with something as Shakespeare. I may go out on a limb here, but by the end of the next decade the most popular book of the holiday season might be one that was actually written by a computer...

czbond• 14 years ago

Funny what passes for "algorithm" these days.

Ahhhh.... a marketer "programmed" it. All cleared up now.

TallboyOne• 14 years ago

I know the entire process is extremely seedy, but I can't deny it does seem kind of complex.

candybar• 14 years ago

I assume Amazon can nuke this experiment and future clones simply by requiring a modest payment, even a dollar or the price for a single copy for listing, right?

DanBC3• 14 years ago

I'm curious about the licencing - he's scraping some stuff from Wikipedia, but it's not clear which bits.

I'm also confused about the super high price. Is this deliberate to avoid having to refund to very many unhappy customers?

And while these books are probably awful he's going to be known by the future people as one of the innovators of auto-generated content. At least he's not breaking spam filters with Markov chains.

It's gently odd that AI got stuck for a while; I very much hope that AI research and practice gets a bit more attention and funding.

animexcom• 14 years ago

Does this software just plagarize online content?

readme2• 14 years ago

Probably.

Dove• 14 years ago

I wonder if he'll ever collide with this guy: http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4906456

hashmymustache• 14 years ago

What a greedy misappropriation of an otherwise incredible tool.

I assume what pushed him into the market was the software's economic analysis of the latent market for spam books on Amazon 2010-2014

As a medical student, I particularly love books like this[0] with their description: "If your time is valuable, this book is for you. First, you will not waste time searching the Internet while missing a lot of relevant information. Second, the book also saves you time indexing and defining entries. Finally, you will not waste time and money printing hundreds of web pages."

How is this not fraud?

[0] http://www.amazon.com/Stevens-Johnson-Syndrome-Dictionary-Bi...

draq• 14 years ago

Does he really use Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word for the automated process or was that only for demonstration?

duey• 14 years ago

I work in ecommerce and this guy and others like him have been creating this stuff for 3-4 years. It's a massive annoyance for us as the only real identifier we got from suppliers is the publisher name, we blocked them for awhile but then we started seeing a massive range of publisher names coming through in order to get around blocks (I assume every other retailer was blocking them as well).

When we first started seeing the automated content books, literally overnight our product set increased several million titles - I now estimate that about 20 million of the 50 million products we have are automated books (they come out with new "editions" all the time as well). This obviously has a massive impact on our search results - these books have keyword laden titles and descriptions, and without a solid identifier it was very difficult to get rid of them. Thankfully recently the suppliers that print these products have started flagging them as crapware.

As for the customer response to this type of product - it's definitely negative, with a massive return rate. As far as I am concerned, this is a massive scam - hedging on the fact that some people are to lazy to return the books.

powershop-co• 14 years ago

I wonder if it wouldn't be a good idea to "hellban" them. When they visit the site, they see the books - but for all other users they'd effectively be invisible. It might not be worth the programming effort, though. I wonder how many books this guy sells.

DanBC3• 14 years ago

Does the Library of Congress (and the other national library collections) have to keep copies of all these books?

Because actually now I'm angry that tax dollars are spent buying, shipping, storing, garbage.

user-3• 14 years ago

dick creates 800,000 useless books algorithmically, starts defrauding people on Amazon

guimarin• 14 years ago

This guy is clearly in the wrong business. Books, who cares about books, he should turn his system onto writing patents.

antoniuschan99• 14 years ago

People this is all fake. It's not real or he's just a scammer. Look at the reviews he's got, it's all by the same person or the reviewer reviewed other titles of his books. Insead is a real place though, so dunno why he's a real prof there.

sonabinu• 14 years ago

I love his creativity but it is an omg situation

kevbin• 14 years ago

> Computers won’t be replacing humans for writing the great American novel or entertaining the masses on TV

Want to bet? Of course they will.

jrabone• 14 years ago

Aw, man. I used to hate this guy when I worked on the title authority team. The programmatic titles alone often caused the title matchers to infer that all the books were somehow related, and cluster them all together. Oh, the happy hours spent unpicking the resulting mess. The Wikipedia guy was the worst in terms of sheer pointlessness though. Personally I'd delete the lot of them. Hard to think that your job is worthwhile when it consists of cleaning up after other people's crappy perl scripts...

moe• 14 years ago

Hard to think that your job is worthwhile when it consists of cleaning up after other people's crappy perl scripts...

At least you are not alone. Every sysadmin in the world knows how you feel.

robryan3• 14 years ago

This extends into lots of areas on the marketplace. I spend a bit of time looking at some of the listings our products have been matched to by UPC and working out just which product the listing is trying to sell. Often the title/ image/ description can be describing different products.

mapt• 14 years ago

Why does Amazon allow it? It's somewhere between outright fraud, and DOSing or Amazon's search functionality; It's clearly something that constitutes abuse.

Similarly, if I were to fund a human team of title-writers to create plausible original titles for a hundred original titles per hour, and fill the actual pages with random words from the OED... Advertising that as a book on a particular topic would likely be some type of fraud. The result is not far from what I've seen of this guy's work.

philparker4• 14 years ago

Phil Parker here. Interesting posts. Here are some links that can clarify for some: Here is a piece about reaching underserved subjects/languages: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-jarvis/davos-2011-too-lit... Here is a current project dealing with agriculture: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/education/campus-in-abu-dh... Here is a poetry project (graph theoric stuff): http://totopoetry.com/poetry/credits/edgepoetry.htm

My favorite page: http://www.totopoetry.com/search.asp?word=truth I have used this approach to write definitions as well (www.websters-online-dictionary.org) The following contrasts definitions of zealously: 1. In a zealous manner. [Human] 2. In an enthusiastic, fervid, ardent or fervent manner. [graph theoretic] 3. In a fanatical manner. [graph theoretic]

A vid on fiction automation: http://vimeo.com/17168987 A debate/reaction amongst literature people: http://www.thepassivevoice.com/10/2012/can-robots-really-wri... Cheers Phil p.s. most of the “books” are used by businesses in narrow markets, and are econometrically estimated, not compiled from internet sources.

bangbang• 14 years ago

Do you not see your texts as noise in the literary signal?

philparker4• 14 years ago

In many of the langauges/subjects we work in there is very little content published. We avoid areas where there are substanial titles availability already.

Magenta• 14 years ago

Phil! Is that Phil Phil or motion-capture salamander Phil?

philparker4• 14 years ago

Of course!

tejaswidp• 14 years ago

could you tell us how many books have you been able to sell on amazon?

philparker4• 14 years ago

We've done about 1 million titles, 1.2 million poems, thousands of vids and games, etc.

benoits• 14 years ago

definitely not a "programmer"... He's an economist and professor at Insead (a top biz school). Here is his profile: http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/faculty/profiles/ppark...

"Beginning in March 1998, he launched a private initiative (dubbed the “K to 12 +2 project”) after directing a workshop for the World Bank which considered illiteracy. One aspect of this problem is the lack of educational materials in local languages (the smaller the language in population, the less likely the publishing industry will find it profitable to serve such communities, leaving some 1000 written languages without basic textbooks). Using automated authoring processes he pioneered, his international business publications have funded a variety of multilingual educational materials including a free online multilingual dictionary, PC games, videos and ebooks. He has applied this approach to support projects sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation creating thousands of factsheets (using meta analysis) on tropical plants, and is now working on automated rural radio scripts, call center materials serving smallholder farmers, and SMS content engines working with the GSM Association, the Grameen Foundation, and Farm Radio International in Kenya, Uganda, Malawi and India, among other developing counties. As a hobby, he has applied graph theory to automatically author hundreds of thousands of didactic poems (limericks, sonnets, haiku, acrostics, etc.), and is on working fiction and academic studies."

Interesting research area. Unfortunate that such laudable motivations ended up in so much ridiculous spam... Perhaps a separate category on Amazon or hosting the content on another site would be better for everyone?

petercooper• 14 years ago

Unfortunate that such laudable motivations ended up in so much ridiculous spam... Perhaps a separate category on Amazon or hosting the content on another site would be better for everyone?

Agreed, when I'm searching for books on the outlook for wooden toilet seats in China, I really want to be able to filter down to the legitimate guides only.

michaelochurch• 14 years ago

I'm ashamed to admit that I actually bought one of these. Don't worry, I had a good reason.

antichaos• 14 years ago

If you had a good reason, why do you feel ashamed?

jebblue2• 14 years ago

>> Because of his specialty in marketing, it’s easy to assume that these books are designed for spam-like purposes

I just want to know, is this even legal? Is he selling books?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book

"The body of all written works including books is literature. "

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature

"Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction and non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose

"Prose is a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in traditional poetry)."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_speech

"In the philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is any language which arises in an unpremeditated fashion as the result of the innate facility for language possessed by the human intellect."

The answer is no, since the text did not come from human intellect but computer programming; they can't be classified as books.

Thrall2• 14 years ago

If you go looking for overly specific definitions of words in natural language, which is effectively defined by its usage, any conclusions you draw from these 'definitions' will be flawed at best. Obtaining your fundamental definitions from selected lines in wikipedia adds bias as well as inaccuracies.

Also, even assuming your definitions were reasonable, you fail to explore the possibility that his books are poetry.

jebblue2• 14 years ago

Wiki articles can be maintained by anyone, feel free to correct/improve the ones I referenced.

I did not fail to consider the poetry route, I ignored it because poetry comes from human emotion and human feeling.

jacobr• 14 years ago

Libraries in Sweden, and probably in other countries as well, have their own "algorithms" to decide what to purchase - at a university it could be everything related to a particular topic, for instance. This means that these computer-generated books are in stock in many libraries (at the taxpayer's expense).

acqq• 14 years ago

In fact: An unethical programmer produces 800000 spam entries on Amazon, earns money from those who got tricked.

oellegaard• 14 years ago

Usually I would not say something like this, but I hope he gets sued for this. Big time. He claims to sell books to doctors and patients - there is no way he should be allowed to. With no control of the content, chances are big that he gives wrong advice. This make me feel bad.

propercoil2• 14 years ago

I hate it as much as you do but it's an open market and wrong advice is not criminal.

definetly a hacker though

westicle2• 14 years ago

Nobody said it was criminal. But it is most likely negligent.

If I rely on his books which presumably have no editorial oversight, he'd better hope I don't suffer a loss as a result.

westicle2• 14 years ago

Roald Dahl came up with this idea decades ago.

For anyone not familiar with his work, I highly recommend his collection of short stories titled "The great automatic grammatizator". The major plot of the eponymous story is about a hacker who builds a novel-writing machine so that he can drive authors out of the market by out-producing them.

Very entertaining and, it seems, prophetic.

TommyDANGerous• 14 years ago

That is so cool. I wonder how much they are selling.

nogoodnik• 14 years ago

Hey, this gives me a great idea: I could write a program that will gather email addresses on the web and automatically email my sales pitch to every single one of them. And I could sell both this program and my email lists to other companies willing to pay for them.

Programmer creates 800,000 books algorithmically, starts selling them on Amazon

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