Two-thirds of North America at risk of energy shortages during extreme demand [pdf]

https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/NERC_SRA%20Infographic_2023.pdf

by ubj • 3 years ago

117 176 3 years ago

TLDR more batteries (to firm renewables), renewables (to overproduce), and streamline ISO interconnect processes

https://www.utilitydive.com/news/grid-interconnection-queue-...

The total capacity of energy projects in U.S. interconnection queues grew 40% year-over-year in 2022, with more than 1,350 GW of generation and 680 GW of storage waiting for approval to connect, according to a new report from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/queued_up_2022_04-06...

https://electrek.co/2023/04/19/tesla-reports-massive-increas...

0cf8612b2e1e4• 3 years ago

From my quick skim of the site, it was unclear to me the timing of the queue. Do projects sit in there for 90 days or three years before approval?

Once approved, the project still has to be built, correct? Is there a resource that lists plants which are actively expanding? That seems like a more useful short term metric to understand new capacity, because items in the queue may never be constructed.

Wohlf• 3 years ago

It's both, a small project with grid capacity nearby can be approved quickly but larger projects without nearby capacity can take years to get resolved.

snarf21• 3 years ago

While listening to a recent NPR podcast about green energy, the claimed that there were projects proposed for green energy that in sum would be larger than todays complete US generation from all sources.

The main problems are around interconnect and upgrading infrastructure. Lines and transformers are built to a certain capacity and connecting all these new projects could cause failures and blackouts. BEFORE you can even get approved, there has (historically) been a multi-year study required to validate everything. They are now doing them in groups of projects of 50 or more. However, then the estimates are for what would be needed for ALL 50 projects which is clearly overkill as they won't all pan out.

There is money in the Inflation Reduction Act to help upgrade the infrastructure and expedite the process but it is a trickle when we need more. The other approach is to just hook things up and wait until something breaks. Then the supplier would have to limit their capacity until they paid for increased carrying capacity. All said, this seems to indicate that infrastructure is the main bottleneck.

PopAlongKid2• 3 years ago

Contrary to this report, I've seen multiple predictions[0] that due to a generous amount of hydro generation available after the winter storms, California should have adequate supply this summer.

[0]https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/eia-forecasts...

"An abundance of hydro also means grid operators can be a bit less reliant on electricity from out-of-state sources. "[1]

[1]https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-01-18/california...

MortimerDukePhD• 3 years ago

Is this the same California that is perpetually plagued by drought?

cronix• 3 years ago

They don't really have anything to do with each other other than both dealing with "power." Your report is talking about total capacity/generation due to having average stock of hydro and the linked report is talking about usage during "extreme demand" periods.

It doesn't matter how much generating capacity you have if you can't transmit all of it to where it's needed when all AC's are on full blast and everyone is charging their cars and everyone is cooking on electric stoves, or need to totally cut it off to large areas to prevent forest/wild fires during these extreme demand periods, which is when it's hottest. Blackouts/brownouts will still continue, and even be planned for, even with excess hydro. Infrastructure/delivery goes way beyond just raw generation.

jyu2• 3 years ago

Solar + battery wall is looking better and better.

throwbadubadu• 3 years ago

For some it's the cause of all the troubles, for others a solution; ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

jyu2• 3 years ago

The problem is unreliable access to power. The same solution solves many problems: monies.

ok_dad• 3 years ago

Don’t get the Tesla power wall, it’s more locked down than anything else in the market. Get a system you control with an API you can access, not proprietary crap.

Like locked down OSes and hardware, locked down distributed energy resources will be the next place where you’ll lose your access to your devices due to corporate greed. The data and API access for DERs are like GOLD today. If you don’t control them, someone else will, and poorly. No company I’ve seen today is competent enough to scale to what’s going to be needed in the future. They’re all focused on cloud stuff, but at the scale energy works at and the compute necessary to efficiently use future energy systems, we’re going to need to switch to a distributed system on the edge, at the generation and load sites.

Edit: I’m in HN slow mode for some reason, likely that the fascists aren’t my fan today and have been flagging all my comments, so here’s my reply:

Sorry, no, but I mostly deal with commercial products. I know of the power wall only because my friend got them and they kinda suck. Tesla sometimes fucks up control, too, draining the battery for their own use to make money on their VPP. I suggest asking directly to the sales people if you will have full, free access to your telemetry in bulk to download and that you have API access to the whole system. Those are the two most important factors.

bqmjjx0kac• 3 years ago

Do you have any recommendations?

the_third_wave3• 3 years ago

Better still to use a hybrid inverter plus battery with an open API which you do not allow access to the 'net, instead accessing the things through a proxy like OpenHAB or HA. Isolate all your IoT equipment on a network which is blocked from accessing the 'net and use proxy applications for control and data visualisation.

I'm using a Fronius Symo GEN24 in this way, I can access all features through the API, it can not suddenly update itself without my knowledge or consent. I do not have a battery attached yet since these are too expensive still and I can sell any excess power at market rates for the coming 5 years. After that time I expect battery prices to have gone down so I'll probably get a set of batteries which should enable us to be mostly energy independent from spring to autumn.

No third parties are involved in any way, no data is exchanged with "the cloud".

Edit: I'm also rate limited for some reason, a common occurrence [1]. No idea whether this is related to flagging, my UID being throttled by default or some other cause. It does not seem to be related to downvoted posts since I have been rate limited many times without any visible downvotes.

[1] documented in my profile at https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=the_third_wave

HyperSane10• 3 years ago

That is the most expensive source of electricity.

99_002• 3 years ago

Instead of investing in nuclear we wasted decades investing in solar and wind.

Well, it wasn't a waste for the companies and countries who profited and their lobbyists.

mordae2• 3 years ago

Extreme heat events tend to go hand in hand with great solar yields. So actually building some solar power plants would be a sensible thing to do.

But that would probably need some involvement from public sector and US public sector has been systematically dismantled since Reagan at least.

I am not saying it's not happening elsewhere, but I sure am glad that it's not going to be me and my family who's gonna eventually reclaim the public sector at the cost of watering the democracy tree.

Sorry for the irony. Have a nice day from EU.

melling2• 3 years ago

“So actually…”

Just say we were wrong. “My bad”

We completely missed our 1.5 goal and the batteries are still coming.

rossdavidh2• 3 years ago

Just FYI, Texas has been adding solar at a fast (and exponentially increasing) rate in the last decade, while phasing out coal-fired plants.

quickthrower2• 3 years ago

How does that work out? If it is a clear sunny day, how does more heat cause more electricity production in a given panel.

Or does warming give us more cloudfree days?

melling2• 3 years ago

We’ll hit 1.5C within a decade.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-world-will-li...

jimbob45• 3 years ago

What’s wrong with solar and wind?

ibejoeb• 3 years ago

Generally, at it is now, they're unreliable and unpredictable, and we lack adequate storage capabilities to mitigate those things.

It's not unreasonable to look to shifting to those technologies, but the course were on now of shutting down controllable power plants first is hard to characterize as anything but irresponsible.

HyperSane10• 3 years ago

You can't have it as 100% of the supply because it is too variable.

shagie4• 3 years ago

Fundamentally? Nothing. They are good and should be used whenever and wherever possible.

There is a number to consider when doing this planning - it's called the capacity factor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factor

The net capacity factor is the unitless ratio of actual electrical energy output over a given period of time to the theoretical maximum electrical energy output over that period.

In the US for 2018 data

    Nuclear:        92.6%
    Conv. Hydro:    42.8%
    Wind:           37.4%
    Solar PV:       26.1%
    Solar CSP:      23.6%
    Landfill Gas:   73.3%
    Other biomass:  49.3%
    Geothermal:     77.3%
    Coal:           54.0%
    Natural Gas CC: 57.6%
    Natural Gas CT: 11.8%
    Natural Gas ST: 13.7%
    Oil ST:         13.9%
    Oil CT:          2.5%

Hydro has a bit of variability that can get it better than nuclear if it has a retention dam rather than run of the river. Hydro may also be impacted by other regulations regarding excessive aeration of the water and fish spawning times (https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/massi... https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/wind-power-and-wat... )

This also depends on the month of the year (hydro provides more in the spring than in the fall, solar provides more in the summer than in the winter). The installed capacity of solar provides only a fraction of what it theoretically could in the winter when the days are shorter and the sun is lower in the sky.

mschuster91• 3 years ago

Nuclear plants take 15-20 years to build in practice, cost double, triple or more of initial estimates just for construction, more billions for teardown, and even more for storing all the waste. On top of that they're at real risk for natural disasters (of which no US state is secure - either it's hurricanes or earthquakes) and accidents due to mismanagement and corner-cutting. And no one wants to live near one either, which means a shitton more cost in construction because you have to build them in the desert, or the project gets boggled down for years by NIMBYs.

In contrast, you can build a solar or wind plant in less than a year. And the profits for these end up in the local community where they stand instead of investment funds owning the nuclear plant operators.

HyperSane10• 3 years ago

Nuclear has the distinct advantage of working at night and is far more consistent than wind.

chaxor2• 3 years ago

I'm not sure why these are presented as mutually exclusive

99_002• 3 years ago

Ask the people who are building solar and wind capacity while shutting down nuclear plants.

mordae2• 3 years ago

Sounds nice. Rich ones will get panels and batteries, poor ones... Well, the usual.

It's a nice symptom of investments to the public infrastructure lagging.

jillesvangurp• 3 years ago

They'll get batteries and solar too eventually. Prices of these things will come down over time. And grids will adapt to incentivize people to have them as that is cheaper than building a lot of new plants and infrastructure. Virtual plants are much cheaper for them and can be used to balance the grid.

londons_explore3• 3 years ago

And yet, me with my tiny gasoline generator has absolutely no incentive to use it at times of peak demand.

When any market gives no incentive for most participants to resolve any supply/demand imbalance, then shortages are sure to happen from time to time.

Electricity isn't even a market where people can 'panic buy' like toilet paper.

isoprophlex2• 3 years ago

I have a dynamic pricing contract, prices are generally around or slightly below fixed market rates, but when it's sunny or windy I get power for free, or better. Got paid to charge my car today. I like it, because it makes me more mindful of the e-grid (also free power)

So, it is possible to have some force changing consumer behavior. It all depends on sane legislation, allowing a system like this to exist.

the_third_wave3• 3 years ago

We have a dynamic (hourly rates) contract as well and well and we sometimes see negative electricity prices. This does not mean electricity ends up being free since there is also the transmission charge, energy tax, renewable energy surcharge and value added tax on all of these to pay. Do you actually get paid to use power, i.e. do you not have to pay any of the mentioned charges?

dv_dt7• 3 years ago

It’s possible, but in California for instance, I see large utilities constantly placing blockages in the way via regulatory capture of the PUC.

nonfamous• 3 years ago

I had a similar contract when I lived in IL, and I also liked it and it made me more conscious of my energy usage patterns.

But there was always this niggling concern that the price could spike to 200x like it did in Texas, without me being able to react. Regulation to cap the peak rate would help allay consumer fears, IMO, while still offering ample profit potential to providers.

the_third_wave3• 3 years ago

Electricity isn't even a market where people can 'panic buy' like toilet paper.

People can "panic buy" generators, and have been doing so for a while. With solar panels on the roof for when the sun is available and some alternative source like your generator (cheap to buy, expensive to use) or batteries (expensive to buy, cheap to use) for when it is not and power has failed you can be mostly energy independent.

sacnoradhq4• 3 years ago

That happened in NorCal in 2019. There were no generators to be had south of Chico, CA that summer. Had to go halfway to Redding to a random Home Depot that didn't have a large customer base. When you need a generator because PG&E decided to have a PSPS for a week or 2 without warning, then you need it immediately. It's not a panic purchase when it's an emergency purchase of inelastic necessity, not hoarding of 4000 rolls of toilet paper.

Gasoline generators are a PITA. Most of them require frequent oil changes. And floating neutral generators generally won't work well with GFI circuits because they easily see an imbalance in current across neutral and to the ground path. If you want your generator to be safe and work with GFI, you'll have to use a bonded one and ground it.

Most residential solar sets in California lack battery backup capacity and do not generate power in the absence of grid power "for safety". This is because most homeowners are uninformed consumers and don't know what options they need. It's worth getting a subpanel, moving critical loads to them, and having a 3-way ATS with solar-batteries-inverter, grid tie, and an autostart natural gas generator.

PopAlongKid2• 3 years ago

me with my tiny gasoline generator has absolutely no incentive to use it at times of peak demand.

You have an incentive when the power to your residence or place of business goes out.

WalterBright12• 3 years ago

I have a small generator, which gets me by when the power goes out 2-3 times a year, once for 2 weeks.

neilknowsbest• 3 years ago

I agree with your general argument (retail consumers overwhelmingly do not face instantaneous price signals).

However, I think you can "panic buy" electricity. I live in a place with unreliable electricity. On hot days, I'm more inclined to cool my house with the AC earlier/colder than I would if I could absolutely count on the electricity being available. If the power goes out, at least my house is cool for a short while.

sb057• 3 years ago

Strictly speaking, 100% of any energy network faces shortages during extreme demand.

rossdavidh2• 3 years ago

I was thinking something similar. You're saying 1/3 of North America is at no risk of energy shortage even during extreme demand? I find that hard to believe.

more_corn• 3 years ago

If only there were a way for every home and business to generate electricity locally as a sort of decentralized power grid, like by putting some sort of low-carbon powerplant on their roof.

rr808• 3 years ago

How is that going to help heat my house in my cold snowy Winters?

HyperSane10• 3 years ago

How did decentralization become such a religion?

ThatPlayer6• 3 years ago

And then what if we built it bigger for better economy of scale by hooking up all the generators and all the consumers in an area together? We could share different methods of generation! Maybe someone has a hydro generator instead of completely relying on solar that stops working when it gets dark. We could have a bigger, more efficient gas generator instead of multiple smaller individual gas generators.

mortify• 3 years ago

Sure. I can do that now. The math works out so that I'll break even on the expense in 25 years even when I include government incentives... right about the end of life for the solar cells. If I lived closer to the equator, my break even point would be sooner, but right now for many people it's a huge up-front outlay for zero benefit.

crooked-v• 3 years ago

The link doesn't mention it, but ERCOT (the Texas grid) is the one most at risk here, because state law specifically forbids linking it to other regional power grids so that the state can avoid federal laws regulating utility companies. The other grids are all connected to their neighbors, which can help compensate for issues by transferring power between them.

MichaelBurge• 3 years ago

Connecting to a larger system seems like it would reduce your risk on average, but increase systemic risk. Perhaps a coordinated terrorist attack would cause a power outage across the entire country except Texas, making it more appealing?

coliveira• 3 years ago

Following this logic they should disconnect each municipality, so if one goes dow the rest can continue operating...

sacnoradhq4• 3 years ago

The option to connect to spare capacity and to sell power to another market is more useful than not having it. The worst case would be needing it but not having it.

The risk of very high altitude "super EMP" nuclear attacks is the most concerning. If Taiwan were attacked, it would stand to reason that China would first create CONUS disasters against infrastructure without a direct, kinetic military attack. This would be most effectively deployed by EMP at very high altitude while simultaneously sabotaging infrastructure with hacking.

cogman102• 3 years ago

Power doesn't work like that.

If someone attacked all the interconnects then the net importers would lose power or brown out while the net exporters would be just fine. (assuming the net importers are currently running power generation at capacity).

For the grids under load, if more capacity can't be brought online they'd do rolling blackouts while working to restore the interconnects.

There are far better targets for a coordinated terrorist attack if they wanted a larger impact.

sacnoradhq4• 3 years ago

I live in ATX, where the ice can knock out power for days to a week. This winter, Austin Energy accomplished a Herculean but Sisyphean task of reconnecting 130k customers in a few days.

Municipal grid gear here isn't rated for the ice burden like utilities in the north east.

anonymouskimmer• 3 years ago

I'm just struck that no one ever writes "Atlasean" task, of which general grid maintenance would be an example.

robocat• 3 years ago

Except that ERCOT does have interconnections [I mean DC links - interconnection has a different meaning in this context]…

https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Interconnection#Ties

  The Texas Interconnection is tied to the Eastern Interconnection with two DC ties, and has a DC tie and a VFT to non-NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) systems in Mexico. There is one AC tie switch in Dayton, Texas that has been used only once in its history (after Hurricane Ike). On October 13, 2009, the Tres Amigas SuperStation was announced to connect the Eastern, Western and Texas Interconnections via eight 5 GW superconductor links.

woodrow2• 3 years ago

It’s a matter of capacity. ERCOT only has 1220 MW of interconnection capacity across 4 asynchronous links [1]. Compare this to e.g. California ISO which seems to have about 10,000-15,000 MW of synchronous interconnection capacity [2]. Neither is adequate to fully support historic peak demand in the system [3-4], but California has much more flexibility in emergencies.

[1] https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2020/07/30/ERCOT_DC_Tie_Ope...

[2] http://www.caiso.com/Documents/ISOMaximumResourceAdequacyImp...

[3] https://www.caiso.com/documents/californiaisopeakloadhistory...

[4] https://www.ercot.com/files/docs/2022/07/20/ERCOT%20Monthly%...

anonporridge• 3 years ago

I'm curious why ERCOT has become so politicized.

It seems to stem from the 2021 ice storm outage, but that wasn't even close to the worst power outages seen in other parts of the US that are part of larger interconnects, so I don't see why it's special other than it's hip to hate on Texas by coastal elites like us.

wilg• 3 years ago

Well a lot of people were annoyed Texas tried to blame the issue on renewable energy. Also people saw the private management of the grid or whatever being arguably attributable to the failures (outages, people freezing, people being overcharged) as a case study for why Republican strategies are less than ideal. Also, just everything is politicized because it’s easy to do so when you’re constantly on Twitter reacting to other people’s reactions.

analog31• 3 years ago

Part of it is that the rest of the country is being told that Texas (and Florida) are economic miracles, so their influence could extend beyond their borders.

aaronbrethorst• 3 years ago

Because the Texas state government has politicized it: https://www.texastribune.org/2021/05/03/texas-power-grid-ope...

eightysixfour• 3 years ago

Probably because they are literally overseen by political entities and their leadership is partially selected by the legislature. They are a political entity.

Accujack• 3 years ago

I'm annoyed because I'm being forced to pay for the inflated energy prices caused by the Texas outage. My incumbent utilities got permission from the PUC to charge us.

fragmede2• 3 years ago

It's not about the outage in 2021, but the bills that were produced during that ice storm. During the ice storm, the utilities charged the max, $9,000/kwh, leading to people having five-figure bills just to keep the heat on for nine days so they didn't freeze to death. The NYT headline is of someone who owes $16,752. Most Americans can't pay a surprise $500 bill, never mind a sixteen thousand dollar one. It's become political because there's a question of if the government should step in and do something about those unaffordable bills. The matter is currently tied up in court so we'll just have to wait and see where this goes.

The other bit of politics is that this is a proxy fight for "can government regulation be good"? Government regulation would have prevented the prices from skyrocketing, but the thesis of Texas is that government regulation is bad.

chaxor2• 3 years ago

Texas wasn't really set up for being so cold, so it caused deaths and considerable damage because the infrastructure was simply not good enough to handle it (despite being very new/modern in most cases).

It got politicized because it was so difficult for people there to handle it. When other places have power outages, the infrastructure and building designs make living through it much easier.

LapsangGuzzler• 3 years ago

They were minutes away from a total meltdown that would’ve knocked out their grid for months, according to the heads of ERCOT at the time. Had they not issued an emergency rolling blackout and destroyed the grid, it would’ve undoubtedly been one of the largest humanitarian disasters in American history.

https://www.texastribune.org/2021/02/18/texas-power-outages-...

hedora2• 3 years ago

It wasn’t just the 2021 outage. Ercot fails the same way every decade or so.

Also, that outage knocked out something like 25% of global PVC production for about a year, which interfered with basic infrastructure projects globally. You can’t build modern drainage or plumbing without PVC. Without drainage or plumbing, you can’t build buildings or repair roads.

Also, it was totally predictable, totally avoidable, a bunch of people died as a direct result, and the last N times this happened, they did nothing to fix it.

(Fixing it would involve winterizing their production facilities, which over half the planet has done every year for over a century.)

shagie4• 3 years ago

It goes back a ways to when power companies couldn't offer power in adjacent states.

NPR's podcast: The Disconnect: Power, Politics and the Texas Blackout https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1004840920/the-disconnect-power... ... and the files for that appear to be missing... (if you have Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-disconnect-power-p... ; Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2l3VBG6RfEGehHm7Y7HfF4 ; Amazon music: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/5d4dd6d6-bcbd-41a7-b418-7d... ). I especially suggest listening to the episode "The Fallout"

Texas set up an energy market that was to eliminate waste and in doing so set up their grid so that it was constantly almost at load shedding (as that has the least waste).

The problem is there were minutes away from a black start in which Texas would have been without power for an extended period of time - not days but weeks or months (and that the black start generators were also failing).

Practical Engineering:

* What Is A Black Start Of The Power Grid? https://youtu.be/uOSnQM1Zu4w

* What Really Happened During the Texas Power Grid Outage? https://youtu.be/08mwXICY4JM

And that when that happens, given the way that the Texas grid is set up, the rest of the country would be unable to help.

And as that "hip to hate on Texas by costal elites"... utilities were trying to charge Minnesota for the part of the cost of the Texas outage ( https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/04/houston-based-ut... --- https://minnesotareformer.com/2022/08/11/utility-regulators-... ).

sacnoradhq4• 3 years ago

I'm glad ERCOT added 4 GW of renewable generation capacity, but that doesn't translate into regional or localized energy reserves. Distributed energy storage relieves transmission grid capacity. Without enough grid capacity, consumption can't be fulfilled even with infinite generation capacity. The challenge is in deploying safe and efficient distributed energy storage, also realizing there are domestic terrorists who aren't above shooting holes in transformer fins.

ronnier• 3 years ago

Go off grid now while you can to get grandfathered in before they make it illegal to go off grid. When the people with money go off grid and stop paying in and the grid starts to collapse from lack of funds… expect laws forcing you to pay back in regardless. Just a baseless conspiracy theory :-)

pat2man• 3 years ago

If you go off grid but still have a grid connection that you can use any time you want, you should still pay in. All the transition equipment is still needed.

Full off grid should probably not have to pay anything. But if something breaks you are on your own.

Scoundreller• 3 years ago

I'm in a multi-residential building, and like 50-75% of my bill is what I have to pay whether I use anything or not.

(Helps that it's well insulated and that hot water is central. hvac is not, but due to good insulation, hardly gets used except in summer)

flagrant_taco3• 3 years ago

100%, I'm in the process of taking a tiny house fully off grid and part of that is planning my own backups. I'd never expect the power company to help if/when I cancel my service completely.

HyperSane10• 3 years ago

It makes absolutely no financial sense to go "off grid".

pengaru• 3 years ago

It makes absolutely no financial sense to go "off grid".

It makes plenty of sense if you're operating on a small scale, on the order of tiny house territory.

This is obvious if you just imagine the extreme case; someone in a yurt on some land with just LED lights and laptop/phone/Starlink to power.

The cost of getting grid-tied alone would trivially blow out the cost of such a meager solar+battery+inverter setup. That's not even considering the recurring cost of power bills.

But I would agree it probably doesn't make financial sense to transition off-grid if you've already got the power poles and meter connected outside. Especially with a sizable inefficient American house...

throwawaaarrgh• 3 years ago

It's all privately owned. Nothing we can do about it.

rgmerk2• 3 years ago

Interesting statistic: the American power grid has, on average, 475 minutes of outage time annually. The German grid has 12.7 minutes.

Rather than rich people spending squillions on propane generators, how about spending less and fixing your damn grid?

https://www.construction-physics.com/p/the-birth-of-the-grid

paulcole2• 3 years ago

I wonder how the numbers compare if you look at a chunk of 4% of the US w/ no natural disasters?

Ah, if you click through to the actual stat you’ll see that without “Major Events” (whatever those are), the US goes down to 125 minutes per year.

trobertson• 3 years ago

Which is still a full order of magnitude worse than the German numbers. Blaming nature for our shit infrastructure is only going to harm ourselves.

vel0city4• 3 years ago

How many tornadoes does Germany experience every year? How many hurricanes? How many hailstorms with baseball-sized rocks falling from the sky?

gtani• 3 years ago

Relevant but only one set of constraints among many: after an epic winter snowfall, water level has hit 2 years ago at Lake Powell and only last year's level at Mead...

https://powell.uslakes.info/Level/

https://mead.uslakes.info/Level/

Two-thirds of North America at risk of energy shortages during extreme demand [pdf]

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