Spanish track was fractured before high-speed train disaster, report finds

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m77dmxlvlo

by Rygian • 6 months ago

220 182 6 months ago

$Preview of Spanish track was fractured before high-speed train disaster, report finds$ bbc.com

rokkamokka• 6 months ago

Wow, that's a really big gap. No wonder it derailed

montroser• 6 months ago

What are the some of the ways that tracks are monitored for fractures like this? It must have been pretty substantial in order to be described as "complete lack of continuity". Makes me think of literally electronic continuity tests -- are those ever used in this context? Or how about cameras mounted on trains using image processing? Or drones?

It seems a shame that a few other trains passed beforehand with this anomaly in place and yet it went undetected.

sigwinch28• 6 months ago

Measurement trains filled with cameras and LIDAR

For example, in the U.K.:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Measurement_Train

user_7832• 6 months ago

LIDAR is good, but as another commenter pointed out, Ultrasonic Flaw Detection (USFD) is the gold standard for crack/flaw detection.

jen729w• 6 months ago

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Yellow

amelius2• 6 months ago

There are special trains with measurement equipment on board, but yes, it sounds to me like every train should be equipped with some basic sensors for anomaly detection.

1718627440• 6 months ago

The measurement trains drive slowly in the night.

gambutin2• 6 months ago

AFAIK, one technique for monitoring cracks uses ultrasonic sensors. They send sound waves through the rails and detect cracks by analyzing reflected waves.

direwolf202• 6 months ago

TFA indicates a 40cm gap — huge!

buildbot• 6 months ago

I suppose that counts/was caused by a fracture but almost a half meter of gap in the track is nuts. Like describing a limb that’s totally removed as a bone fracture.

Though conceivably the break was very small and a train impacting the slightly lifted rail just caused a good chunk of it to explode.

ThePowerOfFuet2• 6 months ago

No, that gap was created after the rail broke and the train derailed as a result.

The crack was in the weld, causing one side to sink and the wheel to hit the start of the next section of rail which was no longer welded to it, causing stress fractures to form in the rail which later caused that 40cm piece to break off.

djoldman• 6 months ago

Wheel Impact Load Detector.

It measures vertical forces in kips - (kilo-pounds-force, 1 KIP = 1,000 lbs)

They have these in the USA.

iggldiggl2• 6 months ago

Those are for the opposite problem – detecting defective trains (overweight respectively otherwise faulty weight distribution as well as wheel flats).

dkbrk• 6 months ago

You can look at the Wikipedia page on railway defect dectectors [0].

Under "rail break monitors" it mentions both electrical continuity and time-domain reflectometry can be used, and are most frequently used on high-speed tracks.

In addition, there are vast array of other detectors using acoustic sensors, strain gauges, accelerometers, cameras in the visible and infrared spectrum or laser measurement, that potentially could have detected an anomaly (i.e. damage to the wheels of other trains before the incident).

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defect_detector

NamTaf4• 6 months ago

Wheel impacts are the main way. But hardware can be bulky and trains can be surprisingly cramped.

We squeezed some track condition monitoring hardware into some locos but it was single-driver operations locations and we cannibalised some of the room that would have otherwise been occupied by the second driver.

amelius2• 6 months ago

My gut feeling says a lot of fatalities could have been prevented with a physical barrier between both tracks. Shouldn't this be mandatory with high speed trains?

woodruffw• 6 months ago

I think the physics of the situation don't make a barrier feasible: a derailed train going >100 mph is going to transfer a lot of energy to any kind of barrier it impacts, which in turn might exacerbate the situation (by spreading debris).

I think these kinds of accidents are largely mitigated by rail defect monitoring. I know rails in the US are equipped with defect detectors for passing trains; I'm surprised that a similar system doesn't exist for the rails themselves. Or more likely, one does exist and the outcome of this tragedy will be a lesson about operational failures.

direwolf202• 6 months ago

In principle only, if a barrier could keep a train on its side of the barrier, scraping along the barrier for a long distance instead of smashing headfirst into it, the energy could be dissipated over a long period of time, preventing fatalities. But what kind of barrier can withstand a train?

peddling-brink• 6 months ago

I’d rather they spent the money ensuring no trains ever left their tracks rather than halving the destruction if they do.

wasmitnetzen• 6 months ago

There was a switchover which made the derailed cars of the first train move into the track of the second one, you can't have a wall there anyway.

ThePowerOfFuet2• 6 months ago

The 20-ton bogie was flung 300m. What do you expect the weight of a whole car to do to such a wall?

bombcar• 6 months ago

More practical but still probably unnecessary is having the planned “passes” be where the tracks are separated by some distance.

But that requires the trains mostly always being on schedule.

bsder• 6 months ago

You happened to have an opposing train at exactly the point where the train derailed.

That's simply really, really rare bad luck.

Practically anything you can think of is going to be a more effective use of safety resources than trying to contain a derailing high-speed train.

curiousObject• 6 months ago

Thank about the change in airflow. The train would use more energy because of having to push air that is trapped by the barrier

Also the issues other comments described, including that any fault in the barrier means a new safety hazard

xcskier56• 6 months ago

Pure economics. In Minneapolis the railroad demanded a crash wall to separate the light rail trains from their trains. It runs 1 mile and somehow cost nearly $100 million. This is a 5x increase from the original estimate but still $20 million for a 1 mile wall is a heck of a lot of money

david-gpu2• 6 months ago

While these events are statistically very rare, it is worth remembering that there have been two separate events in the past twenty years in Spain where high-speed trains have derailed leading to multiple fatalities [1][2]. In contrast, the Japanese Shinkansen has a spotless record since its introduction in the 1960s [3]. Not a single fatality due to a crash or derailment. And that's in a country with a much larger population and much higher passenger count per year.

What do they do differently?

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_derailm...

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Adamuz_train_derailments

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen#Safety_record

vlovich123• 6 months ago

Track maintenance?

bell-cot• 6 months ago

Yep.

Which is the secret of preventing 99%+ of sudden mechanical failures of pretty much any type of infrastructure.

amenghra• 6 months ago

Higher passenger count could imply ability to pass higher maintenance budgets?

throwaway743950• 6 months ago

Could weather or some other geographic/similar aspect be a factor?

bflesch• 6 months ago

The geographic aspect of russian agents being in vincinity of the traintracks. Week before supply trains in Germany also derailed, as they do once per month.

dinkblam• 6 months ago

Spain basically does not do the required maintenance:

https://www.reuters.com/world/spains-deadly-rail-accidents-p...

david-gpu2• 6 months ago

From the linked article:

[The] stretch of track that was renovated last May and inspected on January 7.

The track had been inspected very recently. Maybe the inspection standards are inadequate?

The linked article also shows figures that are quite meaningless without context.

[The] vast majority [of Spain's high-speed rail budget] went to new infrastructure with only some 16% earmarked for maintenance, renewal and upgrades. That compares with between 34% to 39% spent by France, Germany and Italy,

They simply can't compare those numbers as-is. Of course Spain will be spending less in maintenance as a percentage of the total budget if it's still mainly building new tracks. It's not a useful figure.

Findeton• 6 months ago

Specifically the fractured track was a soldered joint that joined a track from 1989 with a new one from a few weeks ago.

rob74• 6 months ago

Spain spent an average of about 1.5 billion euros ($1.76 billion) a year from 2018 to 2022 on its high-speed network, more than any other country. However, the vast majority went to new infrastructure with only some 16% earmarked for maintenance, renewal and upgrades. That compares with between 34% to 39% spent by France, Germany and Italy, whose networks are far less extensive, according to the Commission data.

Conflating the maintenance budget with the money invested in new infrastructure in this way is not very useful IMHO. How much inspection/maintenance money was spent per km of (high-speed and overall) railway track would be much more informative...

cromka2• 6 months ago

I think even more important is the seismic activity in Japan asa risk factor here

avazhi3• 6 months ago

Are you suggesting this leads to more inspections or better inspections or better build quality or what?

lifestyleguru2• 6 months ago

Santiago de Compostela derailment

Hey that infrastructure looks perfectly fine and new, ahhh ok... they were going 180kmh where the speed limit was 80kmh..

pibaker3• 6 months ago

Which is also exactly how the most deadly rail incident in the past half century in japan happened.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagasaki_derailment

andy12_• 6 months ago

Which is a problem that would have been prevented had they not purposefully disabled the ERTMS signaling system to avoid delays.

pibaker3• 6 months ago

I am not sure what conclusion can we draw from, as you said, two very rare incidents over a long period of time.

Reminds me of when Malaysian airlines crashed two planes in a short period of time. It was a good time to get cheap flights from Europe to south east Asia as long as you can withstand relatives thinking you are literally going to die in their third crash.

Freak_NL• 6 months ago

Bit of an odd comparison, given that one of those flights (MH17) was shot down by a Russian Buk squad. That was not an issue attributable to the carrier in any way, and after the incident the likelihood of it happening again to Malaysia Airlines specifically was negligible.

MaxikCZ• 6 months ago

imagine thinking the same way after the first crash, just

as long as you can withstand relatives thinking you are literally going to die in their second crash,

and then you die in their second crash.

hibikir• 6 months ago

They are two very different accidents: The second was insufficient/poor maintenance: Supposedly the train that checks for this had passed 2 months before, and someone will have to wonder whether it's just not passing often enough, or if the inspections are just poor in general.

The first was purely a matter of not upgrading the signaling in a very low speed section: The crash could have happened with regional trains too. Every engineer knew that it was unsafe and one distraction was enough to get someone killed, but Spain is still well in the middle of track expansion, so it's all the horrors of politicking. Unless you have a crash, not upgrading those signals costs nothing, but, say, the very expensive connection to Asturias was worth a lot, so iffy tradeoffs were made.

Hopefully better engineering-driven tradeoffs are made regarding track maintenance, but hey, this is Spain, not a place where we are good at efficient, reliable safety processes: See the failures in Valencia for the DANA, where the chain between the meteorologists seeing a risk that led to recommending evacuation, and the actual order of evacuation was so slow, so we ended up with 229 deaths.

ehnto• 6 months ago

For comparison, the Japanese high speed rail track inspection trains run three times every month. A lot more frequent.

They run at full speed between regular train operations.

I saw one of them running on my last trip, which is said to be good luck.

baq• 6 months ago

Perhaps there are less FSB agents blowing up sections of track with shaped charges in Japan.

hexbin0106• 6 months ago

Source?

masklinn• 6 months ago

A component here is the highly unfortunate timing of two trains crossing one another as one of the trains derailed. Both trains look like rigid HSRs, and usually when these derails they stay very stable and rarely have fatalities.

shevy-java2• 6 months ago

Yeah. Japan really has better quality standards here overall.

Now - Japanese mentality is strange to me, but the quality standards and thought process, are convincing.

wafflemaker2• 6 months ago

After reading Shogun, Cryptonomicon and watching plenty anime and documents about Japan (including Japanese rail system - still using the "pointing and naming" method I've learned from them) I would risk saying that Japanese do literally everything differently.

Arainach• 6 months ago

A list consisting entirely of fictional works (one by an American who has never lived in Japan even) is not a good basis for claiming to understand a culture.

Seriously, Cryptonomicon is a bizarre thing to put on this list. I like the it a lot, but none of that book takes place in Japan and the closest intersection is Japanese soldiers during World War II, with a brief participation of a single fictional Japanese company in the modern section of the book.

jacquesm5• 6 months ago

There are probably better sources than those two. What's next, citations from Enoch Root?

komali2• 6 months ago

Japanese people are just people. They have a unique culture... Like literally every other identifiable culture on earth.

I love Cryptonomicon but it engaged in that distinctly American brand of orientalism when it got into Japanese soldiers killing themselves and whatnot.

userbinator• 6 months ago

Japan has a culture of perfection.

prmoustache• 6 months ago

But every culture has its exceptions. 2 words: Tataka airbags.

legitronics• 6 months ago

And that's in a country with a much larger population and much higher passenger count per year.

These are actually points making the Japanese system easier to maintain. Because of smaller surface area it’s much denser.

tjwebbnorfolk• 6 months ago

earthquakes, tho? Maybe the constant state of necessary vigilance has something to do with it here.

NewJazz• 6 months ago

Different soil? Different climate/weather patterns.

Japan having to build to earthquake standards, so being more robust overall? Or to specific failure modes, at least.

Animats2• 6 months ago

Doctor Yellow.[1] Full rail inspection every ten days.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Yellow

chakintosh• 6 months ago

What do they do differently?

Accountability.

Ekaros• 6 months ago

My understanding is that Shinkansen that is high speed rail in Japan is grade separated system. That is tracks are only used by high speed rail. In Europe generally tracks are shared outside few specific links.

This means that Shinkansen tracks are designed and build to much higher standard.

evan_a_a• 6 months ago

In Spain the high speed network is separate from the traditional network too. There is some inter connectivity to allow for high speed trains to call at traditional stations, but the high speed network is for high speed trains only.

numpad03• 6 months ago

Japanese rails are all built on commuter style architectures and the tracks are generally owned by its users. So train operators are strongly incentivized to keep them in good shape.

Also, Far East right now is also massively cash poor yet labor rich relative to the rest of the world. Everything is crazy undervalued and there are clear gaps between amounts of money changing hands vs work being done. Skilled-labor-intensive tasks are going to be much easier when cheap skilled labor is just perpetually available.

franktankbank2• 6 months ago

2 questions one rail related, one societal.

1) Can you expand on your first sentence? When you say user owned what does that mean exactly?

2) If skilled labor is undervalued does that mean those with those positions live kind of meager lives? Or what is that like?

s1artibartfast• 6 months ago

Japan GDP PPP per capita is about USAs in 2012, so they aren't exactly impoverished.

High public competency and government capacity allows a lot to get done.

zrn9002• 6 months ago

While these events are statistically very rare

These events happening 4 times in 3 days are statistically nonexistent. Even less existent is them starting to happen right on the day before a major politician in Spain visits Israel to talk about buying Israeli security and monitoring systems.

sva_• 6 months ago

I wonder how common it is for train tracks to fracture? And what systems are in place to actually detect this. There was recently a post on a German subreddit where the OP found a fracture in the German rail[0], albeit much smaller.

0. https://old.reddit.com/r/drehscheibe/comments/1qe9ko2/ich_gl...

iSnow• 6 months ago

In November, a bigger missing part of a train track was due to sabotage: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp85g86x0zgo

red75prime• 6 months ago

It happened near Polish-Ukrainian border and officials were vocal about sabotage.

dmix• 6 months ago

That’s pretty far from Spain

mschuster912• 6 months ago

I wonder how common it is for train tracks to fracture?

That entirely depends on which class of tracks we're talking about. And on top of that, remember that Europe is at war with Russia, railway sabotage has been attributed to Russia already in Poland [1] - and if you ask me, I don't believe for a single goddamn second that "cable thieves" were the cause behind the infamous 2022 attack on Germany's railways [2] either.

And what systems are in place to actually detect this.

In Germany, dedicated railway cars called "RAILab" [3] that can measure track performance at up to 200 km/h perform the bulk of the work. In addition, each piece of infrastructure has something called an "Anlagenverantwortlicher", a person responsible for it - and that person has to walk each piece of infrastructure every two years at the very least, sections that have shown to be problematic get walked sometimes weekly.

[1] https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gknv8nxlzo

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2022_German_railway_at...

[3] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAILab

crote5• 6 months ago

Copper theft has been a recurring problem in multiple European countries for well over a decade. Railway outages caused by damaged cabling increased as the copper price rose, and decreased as police cracked down on scrap dealers accepting railway cabling without proper provenance. Damaged aluminum and fiber cables are also common, as thieves usually aren't exactly the smartest people.

The German Federal Police has nothing to gain by lying about this incident. They explicitly investigated the possibility of foreign sabotage, found the perpetrators, and concluded that it was just regular theft. Sometimes a horse is just a horse, even when there are zebras running around.

blibble• 6 months ago

I wonder how common it is for train tracks to fracture?

very

And what systems are in place to actually detect this.

track circuit detection would pick up most cases I would have thought

crote5• 6 months ago

Yes, but it would be shown as a false "block occupied" signal. Which could also have plenty of other causes, such as broken cabling or defective track circuit equipment, and as the Weyauwega disaster taught us it wouldn't detect a partial break.

Provided track circuit detection is even used, of course. I vaguely recall it not being compatible with either 25kV electrification or high-speed rail in general, and most modern tracks therefore using axle counters instead.

bahmboo• 6 months ago

Nice find. The gap in the Spanish track is massive. I don’t know enough to speculate on technical reasons but it seems quite odd.

laurencerowe• 6 months ago

Rails expand and contract according to the temperature (11mm per degree C per km). They are continuously welded together and installed under tension and heated to a neutral / median temperature for the location. It was around 0C that night in an area that gets up to 47C (and rails might get hotter under the sun) so there was at least 300mm of contraction per kilometre of rail.

crote5• 6 months ago

The rail fractured into pieces during the derailment. You can see some of those pieces lying around in the photographs.

As the article notes: the initial break left marks on the wheels of several previous trains. The final gap is big enough that no train could possibly make it past it, so it is pretty clear that the gap got larger as the incident progressed.

dv_dt• 6 months ago

Fractures could happen with ground shifting - perhaps recent flooding could have contributed

crote5• 6 months ago

Rare, but not unheard of. See for example the Hatfield disaster in 2000, or the 2021 Ghotki rail crash.

Most railways regularly inspect their tracks to detect issues before they turn into a disaster. The big question here will be: why wasn't this caught earlier?

iwwr2• 6 months ago

AFAIK continuously welded tracks (like those used in high speed rail) are also slightly tensioned, so a break in a single point could make it look like a whole section of track is missing, as tension is released.

Sharlin• 6 months ago

CWT is laid in such a way that it has net zero stress in a "neutral" temperature, which naturally depends on the climate. Both extreme heat and extreme cold can cause damage, buckling and fracturing/embrittlement respectively, and choosing the neutral temperature is balancing act. But even if completely cut, track cannot shrink longitudinally much at all, it's the job of the sleepers and the ballast to keep it anchored in place. And if the track is laid on a concrete slab rather than ballast, it isn't moving anywhere.

Fun fact: the reason modern concrete or composite sleepers (e.g. [1]) have a slightly concave profile is to better resist lateral forces (i.e. buckling) than traditional straight-profile wooden sleepers.

[1] https://www.romicgroup.com/permanent-way/concrete-railway-sl...

iwwr2• 6 months ago

Thanks for the clarification!

christkv4• 6 months ago

Some more info from Spanish media. The track that broke was from 1989 and had not been maintained properly.

hexbin0106• 6 months ago

Got a link?

And how does it accord with the many statements made early on about the track being renewed recently?

christkv4• 6 months ago

I have one in Spanish. Seems the latest info is that it broke where the new rails meet the old rail.

https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2026/01/25/697635e8fc6c83c42...

fcatalan• 6 months ago

Apparently the weld that broke joined an old segment with a new one installed last year as the tracks are renovated piecemeal.

Still the media in question, "El Mundo", is a mouthpiece for the opposition parties, seeking to create indignation against the government and scoring the head of the Transport Minister in particular.

They also want to make a parallel with the situation of the former President of the Valencian Community, from their party, who had to finally resign one year after being unreachable for hours on a date while hundreds of valencians drowned as his administration waffled aimlessly.

Of course the government is ultimately responsible for the state of the infrastructure, so the Minister well might have to resign after all is said and done, but the innuendo in that piece is pure politicking, not serious journalism.

kgwgk3• 6 months ago

No, the claim is that the broken rail was the new one but it happened at the transition from old to new.

christkv4• 6 months ago

Jupp you are right I had not read up on the news today.

shevy-java2• 6 months ago

Quite a tragedy.

Spain needs to rethink the way it operates trains. I think Switzerland handles this better, overall, though they probably also don't have as many fast trains because there are so many mountains. But I refer more to the intrinsic quality control and assumption made. If I recall correctly in Spain, there was the other train also coming in. I am sure they could have built the tracks differently. Granted, the issue here is cost, and an attempt to keep the cost down, but if you then accept disasters like that, it seems really awkward to me to want to save money here. And now that we know the track was already damaged, that just adds more validity to questioning whether the quality control systems were overall proper.

hexbin0106• 6 months ago

I mean maybe something of merit in that, but Spain has nearly 4000km of hitherto excellent and safe high speed rail and Switzerland around 200 km. Who should be giving lessons to whom? ;) Totally different scale of operations

izacus2• 6 months ago

Your comparison is nonsense and using nonsense metric.

christkv4• 6 months ago

We actually have had 4 train accidents and incidents in a week.

https://people.com/train-collides-with-crane-arm-in-4th-rail...

It's clear some of them are probably caused by neglect in maintenance, others are freak accidents.

It's pretty crazy the statistical probabilities involved for something like this.

hexbin0106• 6 months ago

An Asturias Circanías train collided with debris from a collapsed tunnel wall on Thursday afternoon in Olloniego. No injured though

JumpCrisscross• 6 months ago

“…not only did Iryo train's front carriages which stayed on the track have "notches" in their wheels, but three earlier trains that went over the track earlier did too.”

This sounds like something a camera mounted on a sample of trains watching a wheel could catch.

kumarvvr• 6 months ago

It would require a very high speed camera, and a floodlight, which may be impractical.

jdkrkekebeb• 6 months ago

As a train wouldn't have the space??

mkl2• 6 months ago

Japan, Germany, France, China, and the UK check their tracks at high speed. I don't know if Spain does, but there are news articles about them ordering such an inspection train in 2019: https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/adif-orders-high-...

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAILab

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Yellow

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Iris_320

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_railways_CIT_trains

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Measurement_Train

zelphirkalt• 6 months ago

The camera would probably only need to look at a very small section at high speed. They could be specifically made to film the tracks or the wheels of the train. Such cameras exist. Not cheap, but even some YouTubers have similar ones, to film high speed impact videos of things going much faster than trains. Might be worth it for trains.

NamTaf4• 6 months ago

More simply, you measure the impact for dangerous forces. No need to overcook it.

rasz• 6 months ago

Too much processing. Accelerometer or even a microphone would do the job.

diogenes_atx• 6 months ago

An article published in Saturday's edition of the Mexican newspaper La Jornada provides more details about the cause of the crash. The article is in Spanish; here are some of the main points, translated into English:

1. According to the CIAF, the break in the track was "practically undetectable." The fracture on the track was not noticed by the trains that passed over it, or by the technicians responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure.

2. The damaged train, which belongs to the Italian company Iryo, is heavier than other trains running on the track; the additional weight of the Iryo train may have been a factor, or possibly even one of the causes, of the derailment.

3. The CIAF said that the notches registered in the wheels and the deformation in the rail are "compatible" with the fact that the track was broken before the Iryo train passed over it.

4. Spanish Transportation Minister Óscar Puente rejected criticism of the delay of the rescuers; according to the Minister, rescuers arrived within "18 minutes."

The full article is available here: https://www.jornada.com.mx/2026/01/24/mundo/020n3mun

tedggh• 6 months ago

On Spain’s conventional and high-speed rail network, inspection frequency is defined by ADIF rules and EU railway safety standards.

High-speed lines (AVE): Visual and geometry inspections are performed daily to weekly using inspection trains and onboard measurement systems. Ultrasonic rail flaw detection is typically done every 1 to 3 months, depending on traffic and tonnage.

Source: ADIF high-speed maintenance programs and EU interoperability maintenance requirements.

webburgos• 6 months ago

A stupid journalist, opposed to the current government, read a date in YY-MM-DD format as DD-MM-YY

Helmut10001• 6 months ago

Could electrical resistance be measured in train tracks to monitor sudden drops, such as fractures, before they cause loss of life?

NamTaf4• 6 months ago

it is possible, track signals can be triggered by shorting between two rails for example.

beng-nl• 6 months ago

A new mode for fluke meters is born: the train conductor

zrn9002• 6 months ago

~4 'derailing' accidents within 3 days, starting right before the president of the province of Madrid visits Israel to talk about buying Israeli security monitoring systems. Coincidence indeed.

Spanish track was fractured before high-speed train disaster, report finds

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