(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) (2010)

https://norvig.com/lispy.html

by tosh • 1 month ago

194 55 1 month ago

norvig.com

tosh• 1 month ago

I can't recommend highly enough to implement a simple lisp (or a forth).

Illuminating experience and it will also help you see (among many other things) the parentheses in a different light.

stdatomic• 1 month ago

First day of paradigms course in the 2000s and prof says "if your opinion of Scheme is too many parentheses, then you're an idiot."

Needless to say that was my opinion and every day I think, more and more, how right he was.

(later I did make some gui apps that included scripting and chose s-expr syntax because of how simple it is to implement it)

NooneAtAll32• 1 month ago

main problem isn't brackets themselves - it's that they're too on the right

had brackets been displayed as curly braces in C - everything would look much more manageable

bananaflag• 1 month ago

There are two problems with Lisp parentheses in my opinion:

1) Humans are not that equipped to handle that level of nesting without some other aid, this is why Lisp code is usually indented.

2) Parentheses aren't just about grouping, and this is unintuitive. For example, x is not the same as (x). This is a bit like in set theory where x is not the same as {x}, but parentheses do not look like the kind of sign that would work like that.

urcite_ty_kokos• 1 month ago

Appreciated the title xD

e12e• 1 month ago

(2010)?

zahlman• 1 month ago

(how-to in-python (write (interpreter lisp)))

consumer451• 1 month ago

Yes, but to be fair, you only have a couple minutes to fight the HN title regex.

azhenley2• 1 month ago

Writing a Lisp is one of my favorite projects. I try to do it every year or two, taking a different approach each time.

onraglanroad2• 1 month ago

The one where you replaced parentheses with the crying laughing emojis was definitely the worst.

all2• 1 month ago

This sounds amazing.

chombier• 1 month ago

If you ever wondered how to write a programming language, this is probably the best resource to get started (and then of course Crafting Interpreters).

See also part 2 https://norvig.com/lispy2.html

embedding-shape• 1 month ago

I've always found MAL ("Make-A-Lisp" https://github.com/kanaka/mal) a bit more approachable, probably because I was out after creating my own programming language before I've written much Python. It's language agnostic, and really easy to follow along with most programming languages out there, explaining everything as you progress.

That it's language agnostic and somehow matters feels weird now a lot of time (and experience I suppose) afterwards, but back when I only knew 1-2 languages by heart, also having to face understanding Python at the same time from Norvigs guide/reference made it slightly more complicated for me.

I use this as a litmus test now when coming across new languages (implementing MAL in the new language), as it's such an easy approach to practically test large parts of the new language, and there is always host-language-specific tricks you can learn along the way.

librasteve• 1 month ago

or you could just use Raku and its “surprisingly good lisp impression”:

https://www.codesections.com/blog/raku-lisp-impression/

joshuamorton• 1 month ago

There are edge cases where this fails, but `def parse(s): return json.loads('['+re.sub('([")])\s*(["(])','\g<1>,\g<2>',re.sub('[^()\s]+','"\g<0>"',s)).replace('(','[').replace(')',']')+']')` is a surprisingly robust lisp parser.

RedCinnabar3• 1 month ago

Man these kind of resources have aged really bad in the age of AI.

jgalt212• 1 month ago

How so?

Crespyl• 1 month ago

Why would AI make these age worse than, say, libraries or languages becoming obsolete?

I don't think a good learning resource gets worse just because there's a newer alternative.

RedCinnabar3• 1 month ago

I don’t think a good learning resource gets worse[...]

Probably not, but they become irrelevant. The other day I found an old programming book at my parents’ and while it was still a terrific resource, I couldn’t image anyone learning a language from a book nowadays.

AI is doing the same thing but 100 times effectively than anything else.

incanus77• 1 month ago

How do you mean “these kind”?

RedCinnabar3• 1 month ago

Blog tutorials, guides, programming books and youtube tutorials. They are completely irrelevant in a time where you have a personal tutor willing to explain every single detail of a subject.

timonoko3• 1 month ago

Jtsummers• 1 month ago

Why did you replace your very similar comment with "--" just to post essentially the same thing again?

timonoko3• 1 month ago

I actually perfected the Norvig Lisp at one time. It has compiler to python and just everything. Those very few here that can actually read code, understand why this project soon exploded into biggest piece of odorous excrement.

https://github.com/timonoko/nokolis.py

dang3• 1 month ago

Is it classics day or something? (Fine with us!)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) (2010) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39665939 - March 2024 (91 comments)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) (2010) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30443949 - Feb 2022 (9 comments)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30327437 - Feb 2022 (3 comments)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26036431 - Feb 2021 (1 comment)

How to Write a Lisp Interpreter In Python (2010) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20590439 - Aug 2019 (29 comments)

How to Write a Lisp Interpreter in Python (2010) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12777852 - Oct 2016 (28 comments)

How to Write a Lisp Interpreter in Python (2010) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7825054 - May 2014 (41 comments)

(How to Write a ((Better) Lisp) Interpreter (in Python)) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1746916 - Oct 2010 (10 comments)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (in Python)) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1745322 - Sept 2010 (39 comments)

Izmaki• 1 month ago

I feel like we need a vibe coded guide in this modern day and age.

azhenley2• 1 month ago

I want to see Dang’s list of fav classics :)

fragmede2• 1 month ago

Sadly, https://news.ycombinator.com/favorites?id=dang is underutilized.

timonoko3• 1 month ago

My Lisp from 1975 was actually used in real world and highly lucrative. Gemini could read the source code, but it told that my code was piece of shit and cannot be implemented in 64-bit world without drastic changes, so it made an example. But that version was just too advanced and too complex as a study subject. There are already enuff good Lisps in the world, methinks.

https://github.com/timonoko/nokolisp

sashank_1509• 1 month ago

Depressing to think that AI will be doing most of this in the future. Sharing it freely in the internet, basically ensures AI can copy it well.

adamddev1• 1 month ago

Interestingly enough, linguists also use Lisp-like parentheses or brackets to annotate sentence structures. Trees and brackets are isomorphic, as both phrase structure grammarians and the original SICP lectures pointed out.

The brackets in the title sentence would look a lot different though. ;-)

userbinator• 1 month ago

And in the other direction, here's a Python interpreter written in Lisp: https://github.com/metawilm/cl-python

ginko• 1 month ago

Probably way faster as well.

vindarel• 1 month ago

also in the interop topic:

Common Lisp for Python: https://github.com/marcoheisig/cl4py

call Python from CL: https://github.com/digikar99/py4cl2-cffi

leonardool• 1 month ago

I've been working on a similar (ish) project for a while: Ribbit (https://github.com/udem-dlteam/ribbit). Supports a full R4RS REPL (with tail-calls) in the same sizes as Lispy (8Kb for JavaScript and 6.5Kb for x86)!

ljcoco• 1 month ago

article to follow between all the ai noises these days

mathnode• 1 month ago

;;;; Not sorry

)

wmedrano2• 1 month ago

I made a rusty version of this. No linked lists, but that's not important in the grand Scheme of things.

https://wmedrano.dev/post/2025/11/15/lisp-1

jll29• 1 month ago

Strangely, Peter's 1987 Ph.D. thesis cites itself (reference 90), but with the year being off by one (1986).

Writing a LISP in Python is only for educational use, or to have a boostrap LISP that you can write a better (faster) LISP in.

leontrolski• 1 month ago

Similarly - 80 line LISP interpreter with integers, lexical scope, first class functions

https://leontrolski.github.io/interpreter.html

avilay• 1 month ago

I'll put in a plug for David Beazly's SICP course. While we didn't build a full Lisp interpreter, we built something similar over a week-long hands-on course. I believe his github for the course is private and only available to students. https://www.dabeaz.com/sicp.html

okaleniuk• 1 month ago

Classics!

There is a different take on Lisp in Python - fakelisp. It's literally Lisp in Python, not an interpreter, but a syntax sugar library that allows embedding Lisp snippets into valid Python.

https://codeberg.org/okaleniuk/fakelisp

    from fakelisp import *

    # And now you can start mixing Python and LISP
    X = (BEGIN
        (SET (F) (LAMBDA (X)
            (IF (EQ (X) (1))
                (1)
                (MUL (X) (F (SUB (X) (1)))))))

        (LIST (F (4)) (42)))

    # Back to Python any time
    print "x: ", str(X)

(How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (In Python)) (2010)

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