Paper vs. devices: Brain activation differences during memory retrieval (2021)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.634158/full

by Brajeshwar • 3 years ago

214 115 3 years ago

frontiersin.org

ggm• 3 years ago

Link is 500

idonotknowwhy• 3 years ago

Worked for me just now

marttt• 3 years ago

For me, 500 on first try, but worked with refresh.

LAC-Tech• 3 years ago

Author should have written it down and posted it to all of us.

ngrilly2• 3 years ago

Anyone here did see an improvement in memory retrieval after switching from taking notes by typing on their computer to taking notes on something like Remarkable?

AshamedCaptain• 3 years ago

No, and frankly, the increased search and lookup time when my colleagues can simply string grep them on their computers is a a handicap.

That said, I have never been able to take notes on a keyboard. I also find that physical notebooks not only are in practice much easier to search, but I also have the impression that the fact all your note pages physically still exist (and not "disappear" after you change pages) helps recollection.

contravariant• 3 years ago

Wouldn't surprise me if linking the notes to a physical location aids memory.

drbaba• 3 years ago

I used to take some notes on paper (if it needed math and diagrams, or for meetings that require eye contact), and some notes on a computer (programming or pure text). My iPad replaced the paper but not the computer.

wodenokoto• 3 years ago

I think the kind of notes you can take with pen and paper beats what you can reasonably do with a keyboard. And I think some of the diagrams and annotated equations you can easily write on paper creates a much better learning experience.

But computer notes are much easier to search. So for things like meeting minutes, and daily todos etc, write it in a .txt file. But when following along a deep learning course, write the equations and diagrams on paper. Later you can write code examples in your personal cheat sheet for easy retrieval.

ngrilly2• 3 years ago

I thought devices like Remarkable were doing automatic OCR to enable search across notes?

Assuming search works, then I’d say a big advantage of pen and paper is being less constrained in the layout of your notes, and for example do diagrams. Big disadvantage is not being able to edit, for example restructure your notes by moving things around.

pbhjpbhj• 3 years ago

I use OneNote and do some scribbled handwriting and quite a lot of typing; mostly 'printed' in text from PDFs. I'm always amazed at how it can interpret my handwriting, a lot of people struggle with it (including me). It's not perfect, but it surprises me sometimes.

grvdrm• 3 years ago

Funny - hadn't thought of it this way accidentally used the same approach for an actuarial task.

I was updating an insurance pricing application that had all sorts of formulas for capital requirements, profit load, minimum premium, etc. The formulas were often laid out in SQL but I ultimately wrote them step-by-step on paper to make sure I was truly following the logic (and order of ops). Worked well!

pringk02• 3 years ago

Anecdata, but I've never been able to switch to using a computer for note taking because I just get no long-term memory retrieval. Typing notes seem to be like never having learnt the thing. The search doesn't help because I don't even recall what I do or don't have to search through. When I take physical notes, I don't seem to need to look at them again, because I will recall what was written well enough that their purpose isn't as an archive, its for helping me retain something in my actual brain.

Another anecdata point, I have ADHD. It affects memory in all sorts of known and measured ways. I generally find if I can get something into long-term memory then I'm set. Working memory is terrible. Physically writing while working serves as a crutch there too.

dboreham• 3 years ago

I'm not sure about memory, but I've found that thinking through problems is easier using a pen tablet. I use a Surface Pro X mostly, but sometimes my Samsung Fold phone if that's all I have with me. If I use paper, I lose the paper.

6stringmerc• 3 years ago

The amount of mental investment to write by hand versus type is significant.

Technology assists are still rather primitive for English (you can’t argue with me on this it’s the hardest language due to amalgamations) but lazy gonna lazy.

My thesis paper on file from 20 years ago already set forth a curriculum to address literary learning deficiency. Oh well. Point being is I’ve practiced the hard way and if you only know assisted methods I will eviscerate you. In fiction, I will always be better than you.

Hey Alexa, how do I spell schadenfreude?

Note: I have 100,000 hours in literary pursuits ranging from reading to writing to critique. Often mocked for my English degree. The truth is English is a wonderful weapon far beyond the grasp of the commoner and I will use it.

wesleychen• 3 years ago

Except in this study they were comparing writing on a paper to writing on a tablet so it seems that somehow the fact that the writing happened to a piece of paper makes our memory better and its not just the act of writing itself.

amelius• 3 years ago

Maybe because mistakes are less expensive on a tablet.

vasco• 3 years ago

Right now you're using it to get downvoted on a random website comment section so perhaps take yourself a bit less seriously!

dmvdoug• 3 years ago

You will eviscerate me?! I need my viscera, good English major, please spare me.

keiferski8• 3 years ago

This study appears to focus on short term memory, but for my money, long-term memory is much more significant. As such, it would have been useful to add a third option: using a SRS system like Anki. I imagine it would significantly outcompete both hand-written notes and digital tablet notes. A bit like the famous Steve Jobs example comparing a human, a condor, and a human with a bicycle. The condor (hand-writing) may beat the human (tablet), but a human with a bicycle (SRS system) outcompetes both.

ezequiel-garzon• 3 years ago

What's an SRS system?

suriyaG• 3 years ago

I think it is Space Repetition Software/System

fermiNitambh• 3 years ago

Spaced Repetition Software.

FrustratedMonky2• 3 years ago

Software that prompts you with information on some time interval that allows for embedding it deeper in your memory. I think the key was it would prompt you with the information, just as your short term memory would be about to forget it, and thus re-inforce it.

So some information X you want to remember.

It would prompt you with it at 5 minutes, then 20, then an hour, then 5 hours.

I forget the durations, but it was based in some studies on time before short term memory fades.

falling_myshkin4• 3 years ago

I don't understand your simile. The limitations of a bicycle are infrastructure: bicycles can go a lot of places very efficiently, but rugged mountain terrain without trails (precisely the place condors thrive) would be difficult to traverse. (this is totally off topic but now i am curious about the energy efficiency of condor flight vs bicycle travel in ideal conditions)

i find SRS very useful. but i personally think it is not well suited to reference information. i'm skeptical of putting all my appointments in SRS for example (maybe birthdays would be worth it). or say I had collected a bunch of papers related to a topic I was very interested in. I don't necessarily think I'd want to memorize the list of them via SRS, but having the titles written somewhere for reference would be great. I think the point of this paper is that if that 'somewhere' is an SRS card, it is almost completely devoid of context (other than 'studying flashcards on computer' context), but if that somewhere is a notebook that contains lists of papers related to all the topics i'm interested in, it's much easier to find. (though computers are good at searching fast)

keiferski8• 3 years ago

It was just an example used by Steve Jobs to show how computers could enhance human capabilities.

Also, using a SRS in conjunction with a memory palace can solve a lot of the reference issues you’re describing.

tgv3• 3 years ago

One hour isn't really short-term memory, at least not in the usual sense, and short-term memory is definitely needed to form long-term memories.

Spaced repetition is an entirely different dimension. It doesn't fit between the three mentioned modes. You don't get spaced repetition when e.g. attending class or reading a chapter. Instead, you make notes. That's what this study is for, and anything else is a distraction.

keiferski8• 3 years ago

My point was more that if you’re trying to decide which method is better for remembering something (handwriting vs. digital), the introduction of a spaced repetition system (either software like Anki or a Leitner box for handwritten notes) will outcompete either one that is used alone.

In other words, if your goal is to go fast: a bicycle will outcompete a tricycle. But adding a motor to either will be an order of magnitude better. At least that’s what I think; and so I wish the study had included this.

AngaraliTurk2• 3 years ago

Just a very small nitpick, but "system" is redundant when you say SRS, as it would be like saying Spaced Repetition System system.

keiferski8• 3 years ago

SRS = spaced repetition software.

Probiotic60813• 3 years ago

This study appears to focus on short term memory, but for my money, long-term memory is much more significant. As such, it would have been useful to add a third option: using a SRS system like Anki

Then you should go tell the journal editors that this study is incomplete and didn't cover the type of memory you consider more significant, hopefully they will retract the paper

BaculumMeumEst• 3 years ago

I think it would be interesting to see a study on memory retrieval for completing software projects with a dumb text editor with nothing enabled, an IDE, and an IDE with copilot enabled.

shinycode• 3 years ago

I might also depends for how long the developer has been using the tool. At university we first learned to program with pen and paper to develop memory and thinking habits before doing everything by hand with only vim and after that using and IDE after +6 months to let the habits develop. Maybe if a developper starts learning straight with copilot, some habits will never form and things will never go into long term memory ?

Buttons840• 3 years ago

I learned to program using Python with Geany, no autocomplete, every single letter typed by my fingers; no auto-format either. I was doing some consulting (I got a cheap consulting gig as my first job) and wrote a daemon in Python, which ran for about a year, then hit an edge case where I had misspelled a variable. -_- After that it ran for several years, 24/7, no problem.

Now to my point: I learned Python far better than any other language I've ever used, I think because it was the first language I used seriously, but maybe it was because I never used auto-complete in those early days?

GuB-42• 3 years ago

Or maybe because it is Python. I find Python to be a beginner friendly, easy to learn language that steers you in the "right" direction. I think it is the biggest factor that explains its popularity. It is not a perfect language, in fact, I don't like it that much, but you have to give credit when credit is due.

With C++, you can have decades of experience and be considered an expert, and yet, feel like a noob (my case). Perl, a language that shares many similarities with Python is also much harder to learn well. The "there is more than one way to do it" philosophy has value, but not for learning.

falling_myshkin4• 3 years ago

i don't like _auto_complete, i find that the nondeterminstic text changes on the screen are pretty distracting. however, I do really like quick lookup of relevant names at my own will from the editor. this is possible with even e.g. ed and ctags.

i'd wager nearly every development environment is integrated to some extent, piping output in the unix shell is integrating.

apienx• 3 years ago

I tend to write with more intent when using paper because I know that editing is not really possible. Accessibility is also much more limited on paper. However, I think of my devices and PKM software as a second brain where I just offload information knowing it can be accessed anywhere and anytime.

P.S. From TokyoU’s Department of Basic Science (in an allegedly predatory journal).

criddell2• 3 years ago

What personal knowledge management software do you use?

I’ve never noticed memory differences based on how I made a note. I have, however, noticed that the act of making notes helps me understand something (which isn’t necessarily the same as recall) and writing on paper works best for me.

maksimur2• 3 years ago

I wish it was like that for me too. I waste a lot of paper because I have to strike or rewrite my notes over and over for mistakes and changes of mind, even though I do my best not to make them. I still didn't find a way to fix that, but maybe it's just how my brain works.

FrustratedMonky2• 3 years ago

Think that is the key/point. Once you get frustrated at the re-writing, waste of paper. That in-itself will start to train you to think through your thoughts before writing them down. It will help slow your brain down and conceptualize things more fully first.

halayli• 3 years ago

I am not sure I agree with their participants sampling approach. Memory and particularly short term memory is highly impacted with people that have adhd/depression/bipolar. I am surprised they went with random participants without assessing their mental states and taking that into consideration.

HSO• 3 years ago

NB: this is a Japanese study.

The participants wrote their notes in Japanese.

If you write on paper, you need to write out each character by hand.

In contrast, if you write on a tablet or other device, the input system will sort of "autocomplete" for you.

Therefore, more cognitive effort is required to write on paper than on device.

It is fairly accepted that greater cognitive effort (either to encode or to retrieve) is associated with greater recall.

So I would doubt the transferability of this result to western context.

geniium4• 3 years ago

Very interesting difference. Thanks for pointing it out

makeitdouble4• 3 years ago

From the article:

Participants in the Tablet group used a stylus pen, thereby controlling for the effects of longhand writing with a pen in the Note group.

In this specific study this is not a notable effect between the Note and Tablet groups. For the phone group you're right that it's a completely different input, while also being much more painful all around due to the sheer device size.

gwervc2• 3 years ago

If you write on paper, you need to write out each character by hand.

Exactly like English or French. You also need to remember the correct sequence of letters (see my remark below).

In contrast, if you write on a tablet or other device, the input system will sort of "autocomplete" for you.

Exactly like English or French. I didn't write half of the letters used to type this comment.

I think you are searching for Japanese exceptionalism where it probably doesn't apply. Remembering the correct kanji, and graphy of said kanji is pretty much the same as remembering the (wild) orthography of French or English words. I'm searching quite often if a letter is a 'a' or 'e' (doesn't help that cognates between French and English often swap those), the conjugation of a verb or if a letter is doubled or not (again often not the same for related words, for example ennemi vs enemy).

Your perception of the difficulty in-between writing systems is twisted by the decades of education you got in the said system vs the few years of learning another system with a second language. When I see some soup of letters in Japan, it's clear that the question is not just about one system being more simple than the other.

redwall_hp• 3 years ago

I've been slowly learning Japanese, mostly with Duolingo, and that's a conclusion I've noted as well. People get hung up on the "complexity" of even hiragana and katakana, complaining about there being two many or those two scripts being duplicates.

There are fewer total hiragana and katakana than there are English digrams and trigrams in lower-case and capital letters. (Because Japanese uses fewer overall phonemes...and the characters are consistent in terms of pronunciation, unlike English.)

I'm not very far into kanji (just some basic ones like 水 or 人 that stick) but the principles are solid: they have shared stroke components (radicals) that related kanji share, much like similar collections of letters, and studying them as you study vocabulary isn't really any different than knowing what an English word looks like on sight, without "sounding it out."

getoj• 3 years ago

Character amnesia is a unique phenomenon to hanzi/kanji and is absolutely incomparable to English and French orthography. Native Chinese and Japanese speakers learn characters largely through muscle memory, which deteriorates rapidly if you don’t regularly write by hand. Many university-educated adults are unable to write a supermaket shopping list without hesitation.[1] Conversely, in English I learn difficult spellings (Gloucestershire, syzygy, rhythm) by aural-mnemonic tricks which stick around in my memory essentially forever.

Whether this had any effect in this study, I don’t know, but it certainly seems relevant that the experience of writing by hand in Japanese is utterly different to any alphabetic script.

[1] Don’t take my word for it, here’s an interesting blog post on the topic: https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2473

ClimaxGravely6• 3 years ago

It autocompletes kanji? That's impressive. At first I thought that might be a very difficult thing to do but I just talked to some friends who are Japanese natives and they said it's easier to solve the issue of similar kanji by using context.

Neat!

chrisweekly• 3 years ago

One thing I love about my reMarkable tablet is that I get all the benefits of manual handwriting and sketches, enhanced by and combined with digital flexibility (copy/paste, resize, undo/redo, tags/metadata, search, retrieval, PKB integ and interop, etc).

geniium4• 3 years ago

The only thing I miss is the ability to spread my papers in front of me to think with a global view and mix them and play with them with ease.

This is something I never found in any digital product where paper is unbeatable.

intrepidlemon• 3 years ago

This could be achieved with VR although I don’t know of anything product doing this now.

goda90• 3 years ago

I've seen so many sci-fi concepts of smart ink on paper. Something you can leaf through like a book, but the ink can be changed electronically. I wonder if we'll ever get that.

matly• 3 years ago

Interesting. How is the integration of the reMarkable into other ecosystems? Can notes be converted to text and used elsewhere easily? (e.g. Nextcloud or Markdown docs)?

dartos• 3 years ago

They have their own cloud service, but the remarkable runs some kind of *nix. You can ssh to it over usb-c. They even give you the root password.

Check out awesome-remarkable. I’m sure there’s a way to get next cloud syncing working

loughnane• 3 years ago

I self-host rmfakecloud. Let’s me back it up and not share the data. Lots you can do with it from there, though I mainly do it for privacy.

https://github.com/ddvk/rmfakecloud

funksta• 3 years ago

As a big reMarkable fan, my first thought was how much the results would apply to "digital paper". I can't think of any reason why writing on its paper-like surface wouldn't confer the same benefits.

Would love to hear how your PKB integration works!

bee_rider2• 3 years ago

I thought for a long time that I’d like some sort of Epaper tablet. But I eventually gave up on that idea because I realized I like my particular (not even that fancy, just familiar) mechanical pencil that I’ve been using for ages.

I wonder if that is a well known or widespread phenomenon. The people who would be most enthusiastic about a particular type of device are the most invested in the previous solution, so replacing it for the seemingly “best” customers is a surprisingly high bar.

ClimaxGravely6• 3 years ago

I'm 100% in agreement with you.

After decades I finally settled on my preferred mechanical pencil brand. I'm not usually into new technology but these tablets have brought out a sense of excitement I rarely get. After trying them out though it's just not quite there for me. I still prefer my mechanical pencil and sketchbook.

A quality e-ink tablet simultaneously feels so close and so far away.

FWIW the mechanical pencil I've gravitated to is the pentel graphhear series

dash2• 3 years ago

I love my eink tablet, and it's definitely better and more comfortable than my laptop screen or phone. But for some reason, actual paper still seems even better. I'm an academic: if I really want to study a difficult paper hard, I print it out.

nomel• 3 years ago

How does an iPad with an Apple Pencil compare?

ragle• 3 years ago

I haven't used the remarkable but I bought a screen protector for my iPad that's intended to yield a paper-like writing and drawing experience when using the Apple pencil. It gets pretty close I think.

N.B. if you go this route you'd need to replace the Apple pencil tips a bit more regularly than you otherwise would given the rougher surface you're "writing" on.

criddell2• 3 years ago

They both have pretty good palm rejection and stylus pressure sensitivity.

For writing feel, the iPad gives you a lot of options from slick glass (the default) to many different screen protectors with different trade offs for writing friction, glare, and screen clarity. The Remarkable screen doesn't have as many options, but you might not miss them. The screen is very nice to write on.

For functionality, the iPad is much more advanced. It's faster (less pen latency), has fantastic text recognition, built in camera (which is great for capturing whiteboards), color, slightly higher resolution, etc... You also have more options for note taking apps. I personally use GoodNotes and Procreate for almost everything.

The biggest drawback for me with the Remarkable is the small screen. The big iPad has a screen close to A4 size which is fantastic for reading and marking up documents. The smaller Remarkable screen forces you to either shrink the document or do a lot of panning. There are 13" eink screens (like the Quaderno) and I hope the next generation of Remarkable devices offer it as an option.

makeitdouble4• 3 years ago

One side issue on these studies is there's currently no control group who spent their life solely on electronic devices.

Even as tablets are distributed in school from the primary cycle, note taking and exams are all done on paper. This is not a value judgment on wether it's good or bad, just that any further study will be on subjects that spent their formative years writing on paper, they better learn to be good at it and would fail their entry into society if they couldn't do so.

Any conclusion that paper works better than electronic methods comes with that asterisk to it.

bayindirh2• 3 years ago

One side issue on these studies is there's currently no control group who spent their life solely on electronic devices.

I’m a statistic of one, but I started my digital mobile life on PalmOS/Handspring devices. I still prefer pen and paper for deep-thinking and future planning, despite having them reflected in a digital medium later.

Tactility of paper, plus not being subject to a glowing screen apparently changes something deep in my mind. No, e-paper and stylus is not the same for me, either.

I finish two notebooks per year.

eternityforest2• 3 years ago

I think everyone kind of feels like paper has some benefit, but it's mostly like excercise.

Short term it's a hassle, and whatever you're doing will take time to see results, and... the phone is right there, frictionless, already in your hand.

Plus, to find motivation to use pen and paper, you have to have a project, which isn't just work(That is often inherently digital) which you care about enough to use high-effort methods.

I love the idea of using pen and paper.... but... pen and paper are more objects to manage that can be lost and add to the clutter which is currently one of the bigger sources of stress in my life.

bee_rider2• 3 years ago

I think “solely on electronic devices” will never happen. But, even ~10 years ago I had friends in college who did all of their note taking on laptops. I sure there are kids who do the same nowadays, right?

makeitdouble4• 3 years ago

I assume 20 years ago "desk work without ever touching paper" would also have fallen into the "will never happen" bucket, but here we are.

Hand writing will always be there somewhere, but paper going away doesn't feel unconceivable to me.

There is a strong counter reaction to tablets ("screens") and it's still costly (looking at the 12"9 ipad...), heavy and and cumbersome, so small kids today who do most of their writing on digital device would be a crazy small minority.

gnicholas• 3 years ago

Even as tablets are distributed in school from the primary cycle, note taking and exams are all done on paper.

My kid takes tests on the computer. And when I was in law school almost 20 years ago, students mostly took notes on computers, and tests were computerized as well.

I will note that when I was studying for the bar I found it incredibly helpful to re-write my daily lecture notes by hand.

erikerikson• 3 years ago

The general hypothesis is that increases in the count of modalities used and intensity of use within each modality for a task is, by definition, an increased engagement, more completely triggering the adaptive mechanisms such as memory and providing a more pervasive context into which the learning can be woven.

makeitdouble4• 3 years ago

I will note that when I was studying for the bar I found it incredibly helpful to re-write my daily lecture notes by hand.

I had the same experience while in college, pseudo code, simulating algorithms or rough design schemas were easier done on paper.

Fast forward today, paper brings too much friction in the process, especially as I lost a ton of wtiting dexterity vs computer muscle memory, and figjam or diagram drawing tools work better.

My anecdotal case comes from being bad at paper in the first place, but I wouldn't be surprised to see kids develop in ways that adapt to the primary tools they are given, and be good on digital screens if that's what they need for the rest of their scholar life.

ajhurliman• 3 years ago

Does it matter? I know you won’t prove “physical note taking is objectively better in every scenario” but you can still answer the question “which is better for humans who live and work today”.

zone411• 3 years ago

Interesting result, but I wish they hadn't used scheduled appointments as the content of the note. I don't write down scheduled appointments because I want to have them stored in my mind, quite the opposite. It would be much more interesting if they used something you want to learn and memorize. I expect the result to hold, but still.

deafpolygon• 3 years ago

I would imagine that in about 20 years, this will show a different result. I feel it has strong bias due to how many of us are raised during our formative years. When tech becomes more and more common at a younger age, our brain will be different.

awinter-py• 3 years ago

not obvious what app they're using to input appointments (from skimming + ctrl-F-ing for 'app', 'software'). did I miss something?

not sure why you'd blanket compare 'all digital input' to all paper. surely the UX matters.

like is this some cursed psych study calendar app that integrates with electrodes

aeschenbach• 3 years ago

"Every time you write it down, you make another copy in your head."

willsmith72• 3 years ago

i love studies like this, i've always found this to be intuitively true, so my confirmation bias is like "YES", but i hope there's more and more research into this.

smartphones are such a new technology

xivzgrev• 3 years ago

I once wrote out a job hunting goal on a sheet of paper and read it 3x per day for a few months, with “crazy” salary and everything. And then, I got it.

I did similar thing later with multiple goals in Google docs. Found that I’m not as consistent with it and haven’t achieved those same goals.

Could be consistency, more goals vs fewer, or the paper vs digital

There’s something about paper that feels more real. It also forces some focus as you only have so much room on paper

digging• 3 years ago

I find that any goals the exist inside my computer get downgraded subconsciously because, physically, it's like sliding them into a folder with everything else I do all day every day. I can open that folder and pull out my critical life goals or the doodles I did during a meeting or that cool article I want to learn something from, etc.

However, prioritizing physical space for a goal affects your real life. Maybe this doesn't apply if your written goal was just in a notebook that is also used for other things, but if it's on your desk, (and your desk isn't cluttered,) its physical important also signals the brain.

Tadpole9181• 3 years ago

I'm sorry, are you saying putting "get a great job" on paper and reading it repeatedly does anything at all to actually getting the job?

Could it be that such a huge goal as "be successful in my career" is just more important than the ones you put in Google docs?

hn8305823• 3 years ago

This correlates with my personal experience.

If I take paper notes, I rarely have to go back and look at them. Even then it's usually just to confirm my memory. If I take notes on an electronic device, I'm far more likely to have to go back and look at the device.

Shermanium• 3 years ago

I recently bought an inexpensive fountain pen and have been enjoying my list and note taking more.

anthk• 3 years ago

Now do paper vs an environment like Emacs and not a passive device.

joveian• 3 years ago

Personally, I'm not convinced it is a good idea to make any conclusions about reality from any fMRI study (I'm not convinced what is being measured is all that important plus even intrepreting what is being measured relies on complex statistics). Also, for this kind of thing the outliers are very important in tring to figure out what is going on. They show individual data points and eyeballing them I don't really see a lot of difference in the accuracy, with the tablet in particular being slightly worse than nearly identical phone or notes (but they had to pop out "easy questions" to make that difference look interesting). Saying there is a difference between device and paper just because the tablet condition did worse is misleading.

https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/634158/fnbeh-15-6...

They mention the difference in terms of location cues in the conclusion section. I would guess UI choices affect the ability to use location sense to recall information and I could easily imagine the small menus of phones enhancing this effect (and/or larger screens in general reducing the physical location effect of the device itself). Taking a quick look on Google Scholar there is some research on this kind of thing but I'm not seeing any thing that pops out as a particularly interesting presentation. Any UI designers out there who intentionally try to trigger location sense in their design?

westurner• 3 years ago

Algorithmically and physically-biologically, Spreading activation has a (constant?) decay term: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreading_activation

daveguy• 3 years ago

Nitpick: Figure 4f is an obviously incorrect regression line.

Paper vs. devices: Brain activation differences during memory retrieval (2021)

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