Why the Internet in Sub-Saharan Africa Sucks

https://www.facebook.com/dweekly/posts/10101729307500703

by dweekly • 11 years ago

148 124 11 years ago

facebook.com

noobie• 11 years ago

sub-Saharan* Africa

dweekly5• 11 years ago

(fixed, ty)

discardorama• 11 years ago

Summary: Nairobi needs a datacenter, with Akamai and Cloudflare.

dweekly5• 11 years ago

Also, QUIC helps a lot.

aaggarwal5• 11 years ago

Is QUIC protocol out of experimental phase?

scurvy11• 11 years ago

QUIC is OK, but I'm much more interested in 0-RTT TLS 1.3

scurvy11• 11 years ago

A local Cloudflare would definitely help with the TLS setup since that's their magic (fast SSL setup without requiring your private key).

Akamai could help, depending on the use case. If the content isn't cacheable, there's not much you can do. They do have a service that keeps open TCP sessions from certain POPs back to your origin, thus cutting down on TCP 3-way handshake time. Clients connect quickly, locally and then send the request because the origin connection is already established. That service is pretty expensive compared to CDN and they don't push it very hard. I used it when I ran an ad network where latency mattered (and could pay for this feature in an explicit increase in conversions and impressions).

bjt• 11 years ago

Both Cloudflare and Cloudfront (when used as a dynamic content CDN) offer persistent open connections to your origin, as a standard feature of their offering.

https://blog.cloudflare.com/keep-alive/

https://support.cloudflare.com/hc/en-us/articles/200168346-B...

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-cloudfront-support-f...

davidu2• 11 years ago

We have contemplated a POP in Kenya. We will get there. Johannesburg should be less than 200ms, so let me see if I can improve that... I would expect about 100ms.

Havoc2• 11 years ago

JHB to Europe is generally round the 190ms mark. 170 if you're closer to the undersea cables. No way you're going to drop that to 100ms.

tribaal2• 11 years ago

JHB is much further away from Europe than Kenya, though.

JHB means usually going to Cape Town first, then up the west coast of the continent, wheras Mombassa uses SeaCom, going around the east of the continent. That saves a lot of time from a pure distance perspective alone.

davidu2• 11 years ago

Who is talking about Europe? This is about reaching Kenya. It should actually be ~60-70ms.

higherpurpose• 11 years ago

Solution: let's replace the "Internet" with only 100 faster-loading websites that we (and the local governments) approve. Win-win, right?

x5n1• 11 years ago

Internet freedom for all!

dublinben• 11 years ago

I can't help but notice that the writer is only checking US-based websites. I'm sure that local alternatives actually hosted in-country are much faster. Why should users in Kenya care about loading some Silicon Valley dating app?

dweekly5• 11 years ago

Without debating whether or not it's a good thing, it's inarguable that a healthy portion of the apps that are popular worldwide (outside China) are run by companies headquartered in the US: Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, Google, Twitter, Instagram. And now Uber.

Given that each one of these has the vigorous majority of their users outside the US and most have substantial non-US infrastructure build, it gets a little strange to label them "US-based".

But I think it's fair to point out that if performance lags to the extreme it may open market opportunities for local competitors to differentiate themselves with speed. Local hosting options are limited, however, making things more challenging for indigenous entrepreneurs. I was amused and appalled to find that many "Kampala web hosting" companies are actually themselves hosted in Los Angeles.

So: not much is hosted in-country. Very little traffic terminates domestically outside caches.

scurvy11• 11 years ago

Elephant in the room here -> There's no money to be made there (yet)

Epenthesis• 11 years ago

The question then: Is there sufficient first-mover advantage that a far-minded company setting up a datacenter there now could reap the benefits when there is money to be made?

scarmig• 11 years ago

I think this leaves out something critical: information infrastructure isn't merely something you deliver to a region to extract profits from it, but something that accelerates growth and helps build a civil society and flourishing middle class.

If I had a couple billion dollars to blow, I'd be spending it on that. Though, maybe that's why I don't have a couple billion to blow =)

scurvy11• 11 years ago

Far-minded and deep pocketed. Opening a POP in any new country requires a lot of capex, opex, and human capital (legal, coordination, ops, etc).

This glosses over the fact that your service even can geo-scale well over high latency and high jitter networks.

notahacker• 11 years ago

Judging by how quickly certain African countries have taken to mobile payments - in the cases of much of the population, skipping banking altogether - there's plenty of money for those with the right vision.

The profits from serving ads for consumer goods will be pretty slim though.

Apocryphon• 11 years ago

Continent with the fastest growing middle class, though.

scurvy11• 11 years ago

I'd love to put a POP in joburg (and one in Sao Paulo), but the economics just don't work out for us there. The usual stuff, plus the incremental internationalization costs for the product (more translations, more payments, more support, etc).

Like any business, we'll get the low hanging fruit first, then move on to the higher, harder to reach branches. We'll improve Internet service in Africa, but not before the time is right.

akhatri_aus4• 11 years ago

You're grossly mistaken here I'm afraid.

Check out the prices from vendors. Also, check out the profits. Also the margin! from the ISPs. Take into account the Capex too. Everything will seem odd, except the volume of data consumed per user [which is related, or better said limited to the maximum actual bandwidth]

Safaricom which is well known for its MPESA platform is the most profitable firm in sub saharan africa [not south africa or nearby] and it's all because of data.

Datacenters are difficult:

- Higher cost of electricity

- Unreliable electricity (blackouts and under-rated voltage)

- Costs of acquiring equipment/servers

- Heating/Cooling is on the harder side

- Lack of competition means pricing is farther up on the higher end

- Back down to cost of data, which is really expensive per GB or to lease the fiber required.

Another thing is there is a large latency chunk added as the vast majority of consumers use 3G which adds another chunk of latency in. This is slightly disincentivising to add in local datacenters.

It may be worth noting AWS is actually run in great part from Cape Town. Everyone uses their data centers in Virginia yet does anyone wonder why AWS doesn't offer anything in South Africa when it's being built here?

MichaelCrawford8• 11 years ago

In one of Google's lobby there is a 3-D animation of a spinning globe, with spikes that appear wherever and whenever searches are performed, with the height of the spikes being proportional to the rate of query submissions.

The recruiter who showed me this was very proud of google's accomplishment and indeed it was impressive to see the spikes erupting from the east and west coast of the US, Europe, Japan and India.

But I watched quietly, sadly and solemnly South America and Africa. There were modest spikes in south africa and brazil. Not many anywhere else.

Both continents are quite populous.

Among the reasons for the choices I've made in my life and my career the last few years is that I have come to regard the vast majority of the code I've written in my long career as a developer as being of no real lasting value to anyone.

Instead I wander around downtown and oldtown portland seeking out crazy people then finding some way to lift their spirits somehow. It can be a little frightening as I specialize on the particularly violent sort. Those are also the most cruelly isolated:

"LEAVE ME ALONE! LEAVE ME ALONE! WHY DON'T YOU LEAVE ME THE FUCK ALONE?"

The gent he was accusing had no clue.

"Hi! My name is Mike. What's yours?"

"Jerry! Pleased to meet you."

Does it have to be so hard?

My point is that those google search spikes would be erupting all over South America and Africa were someone to take responsibility to enable them.

I intend to contribute somehow, someday, in part by setting up some nameservers in cybercafes. There are actually lots of them, cybercafes are quite popular in the developing world.

RyanZAG2• 11 years ago

I'm in Africa and... I'm sorry, but we have nameservers already. That's not really a problem. Are you really talking about DNS servers here? I wasn't sure.

The issues which prevent those spikes you'd like to see on the maps at Google are education (primarily literacy, especially English literacy), access to devices, and culture. Access to devices is being solved by cheap smartphones becoming obtainable to some degree and constant improvements to data networks in African countries, but the other two have no easy solution.

EDIT: To maybe make it a bit easier - consider someone in a village (with a cellphone and access to a data network) who wants to find out why something happened to the carrot he was growing at home. All of us would pop open Google and search about some information about carrots. A guy in a village would head up the road to talk to his friend who's been farming for 50 years and knows about carrots. If you tried to tell him "hey, you could ask Google that question" the only reply you'd get would be "I don't really know about that".

I've had someone come to me to ask me to look up bus fares on the internet for them. They'd hand me a piece of paper with the URL for the bus companies tariff page. Not too interesting until that same person later pulled out his Windows Phone smartphone to make a phone call, and he had full internet access and a good mobile browser on that phone.

noobermin• 11 years ago

I'm not sure how related this is, but my parents are from a Pacific island, Palau (I've mentioned it before in other comment threads).

One of the things that hurts progress in my country isn't really a lack of education as much as it is ignorance in the strict sense. It's funny, because a couple of years ago, a trans-Pacific cable was laid close to the island, but the decision was made to not invest in tapping into it due to the cost--even nowadays, people are interested in improving connections, but it isn't a priority. They really haven't experienced the internet, at least not in it's full capacity, so they don't know what they are missing. They know about it from what they see on T.V. ("viral" review shows targeted at baby-boomers who still watch T.V., I suppose) and social networking, so simply, they don't know what they're missing. I recall when I finish high school and moved back here to the US for college--I basically missed the dotcom-boom days of the late 90's and early to mid 2000's, the internet was not just a convenience, it completely changed my living habits.

But the so-called "other three billion" really can't know this because they haven't experienced this, so not only do you face real obstacles, but you face lethargy as well. At least for Palau, I feel like that is one of the main reasons internet access is pretty subpar there today.

[*] I do admit that this might not be relevant in parts of Africa. For one, Palau is a pretty small place (no more than twenty-thousand people), so attitudes are probably much more homogeneous (with that attitude towards the urgency of improving internet infrastructure) compared to hosts of nations with millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa.

karmazeroed• 11 years ago

Yes, the issues are substantially bigger. South Africa can't even provide reliable electricity in the cities, never mind elsewhere. People living there tell me it's not a problem. If they're not bothered by that, I doubt they give a damn about google searches. If memory serves me correctly that's been going on for about 10 years now.

thaumasiotes2• 11 years ago

consider someone in a village (with a cellphone and access to a data network) who wants to find out why something happened to the carrot he was growing at home. All of us would pop open Google and search about some information about carrots. A guy in a village would head up the road to talk to his friend who's been farming for 50 years and knows about carrots

Speaking as a US native, the reason we'd look for carrot information on the internet is that none of us know anybody with carrot experience. If I knew someone who knew about carrots, they'd see all of my carrot questions before I ever asked the internet.

mc32• 11 years ago

Google isn't the leading search engine in all countries of the world, so they should not spike everywhere.

I'm surprised you didn't notice Russia and China not spiking as much either.

jpatokal• 11 years ago

Google is the leading search engine in both Africa and South America though.

floatboth• 11 years ago

Google is second to Yandex in Russia, but still very, very popular.

seanmcdirmid2• 11 years ago

China here. Google isn't working, supposedly they have connection issues (but we all know the GFW is blocking it). Not surprising to not get traffic from a country not letting it in.

yxhuvud2• 11 years ago

What is your requirement for something to be 'lasting'? I don't expect my code to last forever, but if the code I write manage to be part of something that is state of the art for a while in one particular niche, then that is more than enough for me. The only truly lasting pieces of code are the really basic building blocks, stuff like ntpd. Everything else is ephemeral but evolves over time. Eventually new basic building blocks will appear from that, but the process of getting those are mostly accidental.

As for Africa, it is probably a case of not having gained a critical momentum for the kind of infrastructure the article talks about. This doesn't mean it won't happen - while we don't build CDNs at the place I work, we do build basic infrastructure for access control in wireless and mobile networks, and we are definitely seeing more activity and business from African regions compared to how it was earlier.

MichaelCrawford8• 11 years ago

I want to leave something behind for others when I'm gone.

Most of the code I've ever written, if it will build, won't run on today's computers. While it could be made to by porting a few years after that again it won't work.

Consider Homer's Iliad and Odyssey; you can find them in any library and most good bookstores despite having been composed almost 3,000 years ago.

wordbank• 11 years ago

There were modest spikes in south africa and brazil. Not many anywhere else.

Huh? South America has good overall Internet penetration[1] and Chile is going to 70% right now.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of...

WildUtah2• 11 years ago

South America is the most sparsely populated continent except Australia and Antarctica. The Amazon and Patagonia regions host very little human population (thank goodness).

So South America would always show up as a few big coastal cities with vast emptiness inside, even with huge search penetration on Google's cool visualization. It really doesn't tell you much either way without raw data.

stuaxo• 11 years ago

Sounds like the spikes should be the higher depending on how slow they are, that would make people want to fix it.

MichaelCrawford8• 11 years ago

Northern China talks to Southern China through Japan, to the extent that they talk at all. All of China at first had one state telecom monopoly, but then some party official set his son up with Northern China. What was left of the state monopoly won't route to it.

My take on what to do about that is to set up servers in both north and south that have website mirrors, as well as a geographically-sensitive nameserver. I don't have a clue how to do the GeoDNS but surely it is a solved problem as big sites require it for load balancing.

scurvy11• 11 years ago

China Telecom also has a separate AS dedicated to high party officials, VIP's, etc. It still goes through GFW, but it goes through a dedicated, higher performant GFW.

MichaelCrawford8• 11 years ago

The US Government, at least at one time had something called FTS, for the federal telecommunications system. It was a private phone system for Uncle Sam.

tribaal2• 11 years ago

That is suprising to me.

I lived in Tanzania for a year, and while the internet connection there was not perfect by any stretch of immagination, I had way less ping than this (100 ms to London, where my company's servers are, 120-150 to Boston).

For reference, that is: aerial to my ISP two kilometers away, then fiber to Dar Es Salaam, then Seacom to Mombassa, then Seacom again to Marseille, then terrestrial fiber to London via the channel).

This smells a lot like contention on the seacom link (the big fiber optics carrier that goes up the east coast of Africa through the Suez canal and accross the mediterranean to Marseille). I would be interested to see a traceroute.

Most of the times ISPs in west Africa don't buy enough upstream traffic on undersea cables, creating contention. I can't blame them, it's expensive, but it's mostly an economic argument, not because the servers are too far away (also, most ISPs run pretty agressive caches of everything under the sun).

batbomb• 11 years ago

Are you sure that's round trip? It's at the extreme physical limit of being possible, as the distance to Boston, for example, is greater than 12k km as the crow flies, and the speed of light in fiber is about 70% that of light.

rgbrenner• 11 years ago

Seacom ends in Egypt (not Marseille). Here's the link on a map: http://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/submarine-cable/seacomtat...

the eassy link covers much of the same route: http://www.submarinecablemap.com/#/submarine-cable/eastern-a...

Dylan168072• 11 years ago

Taking one second to establish the connection doesn't really explain a 12 second load time. TCP takes a little bit to ramp up, but not 30 round trips.

Plus you have TCP preconnect as a lightweight way to avoid that initial delay.

hstrauss3• 11 years ago

It's that, along with local-loop congestion (and eventually packet loss). Then the retransmits begin.

At least that's my experience with anything cellular-network based.

Dylan168072• 11 years ago

But the article is talking about plentiful bandwidth over wires. Not a terrible cell link.

Cameron_D• 11 years ago

However, looking at Twitters front page I see it establishing connections to 6 different domains, that's one TLS session for each one.

jgrahamc7• 11 years ago

This is why CloudFlare is building out PoPs in Africa. Our goal is to be 10s of ms from people living there, not 100s, so that people who use CloudFlare for their sites provide a great experience in African countries.

We are already live in Johannesburg and there will be many more.

xrjn• 11 years ago

What sorts of traffic are you seeing out of Africa? How does it compare to Europe and NA, and do you think it's worth for CDNs and large companies to host content there?

jgrahamc7• 11 years ago

It's definitely worth it for us. We plan to be _everywhere_.

akhatri_aus4• 11 years ago

Your Johannesburg PoP is always crashing and gives lots of error messages. Very noticeable every few days with Reddit and HN [clearly shows Johannesburg as the PoP on the error message].

That being said the speed boost is very obvious :)

jgrahamc7• 11 years ago

What sort of error messages are you seeing?

kukkukb2• 11 years ago

We experience the same kind of thing to assembla.com. It often times out. Quite frustrating when in the middle of development.

hueving• 11 years ago

That's somewhat helpful but won't be useful for anything uncachable (e.g. Someone's Facebook wall, twitter feed, emails, etc).

rakoo• 11 years ago

Those things are extremely cacheable. The smart move here is to transport diff as much as possible, which is what Cloudflare is doing with railgun (https://www.cloudflare.com/railgun)

sitharus3• 11 years ago

250ms to Facebook and that 'sucks', glad to see New Zealand's opinion on our internet connectivity is validated!

I routinely see 270-300ms pings to facebook. Anything on Amazon's CDN is at 150ms that as is CloudFlare. Akamai does have local nodes, as does Google but the lack of competition on the cable makes it slow.

Guess I should move to Kenya?

cldellow• 11 years ago

Amazon does have POPs in Australia, but they cost more so many companies choose not to use them.

sitharus3• 11 years ago

Yep, that's why they're only 150ms a lot of the time. CloudFront has a few AU pops, no NZ ones though.

The Singapore and Japan zones help, but most still goes to the US.

viraptor• 11 years ago

Same for Australia. (at least outside of state capitals) It's surprising how quickly you can get used to facts like github actually timing out on ssh connection...

I really hope that something like ppsp / swarm / ipfs gets integrated into browsers. I'm pretty sure almost every non-user-content file I download every day has been downloaded somewhere in my town. I shouldn't have to go all the way to the US to get it.

afarrell• 11 years ago

https://mosh.mit.edu/ may be of use to you as an alternative to ssh

WildUtah2• 11 years ago

HTTP 2.0 is going to be great for you Kiwis.

sitharus3• 11 years ago

It is, so is QUIC. My employer hosts in the US but serves to NZ so I've been experimenting with new protocols to improve performance, it's always interesting.

Still won't shake the pain that is a single connection to the rest of the world (the AU links are only used for local traffic).

kukkukb2• 11 years ago

I'm in Johannesburg, and my ping to facebook.com is 310ms. The thing is everyone seems to be used to the lag, so there isn't any complaints.

hrrsn• 11 years ago

I don't think you're being completely fair. We have excellent infrastructure, especially compared to Australia. Cloudflare now has NZ caches (and they peer locally) so HN is 3-5ms for me. Facebook has strange routing which seems to go via Auckland -> Australia -> California -> North Carolina rather than directly to the USA, which explains the added latency.

manarth• 11 years ago

For comparison (Bristol, UK)…

10ms to hacker-news… 130ms to facebook. But only 12ms to a facebook CDN: scontent-lhr3-1.xx.fbcdn.net 10ms to twitter. 13ms to BBC.

realusername2• 11 years ago

We are currently building applications for our shops in Africa (Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda) at my current company.

Kenya is not even the worst of all three, Uganda is really a disaster in terms of connectivity. In Uganda it's even difficult to get actual phone signal in most of the country. And you never have reliable Internet anyway, it works like half of the time even if you are in the few right places in the country. Building applications for this kind of environment has been quite challenging.

In a few shops in Uganda, the only way to get data back is by USB keys, so you have an actual truck going there with data to send to the shop and data to get back from the shop. We are building connectivity out of trucks and USB keys.

yxhuvud2• 11 years ago

That sounds like a challenge! What line of business are you in that can survive that bad connectivity?

realusername2• 11 years ago

We are selling small solar panel kits in small towns on those three countries. The goal is to have a few lights in places where there is no electricity grid at all (it's a for-profit company, not charity). We handle pretty much everything ourselves there since there is not a lot of services pre-built to help you. The shops are selling the kits on payplan since it's quite expensive for the local purchase power. We are the equivalent of a car dealer locally to give a comparison. And the shops are running some software to handle all of that, so this is where my problems are starting ! :)

scurvy11• 11 years ago

Bummer about all those IPv4 traceroutes. I'd like to see the output of IPv6 traceroutes or mtr output.

hstrauss3• 11 years ago

For .ZA, I've only really seen native IPv6 at jupiter.is and on the TEnet (NREN) network. My university campus doesn't even have native IPv6 available for servers I maintain.

From what I've seen running an HE tunnel through London, Youtube and Facebook make up the bulk of IPv6 traffic (as expected). At least those networks are the only thing routinely dedicating 10%+ of the total inbound traffic to IPv6 according to my home network flow analysis (I think it's about 18% IPv6 usage on a monthly basis).

dweekly5• 11 years ago

Sadly the majority of consumer traffic is still on IPv4; so if you want to understand what regular people are experiencing - it will be v4 traffic. The network I was on in this case for doing the testing was v4-only. All that said, I'd be quite keen to see where v6 peering is happening.

xenophonf• 11 years ago

Is there a way to read this posting without having to log into Facebook?

witty_username2• 11 years ago

Google cache?

https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Sv7aOT...

zimtzucker• 11 years ago

Type Nairobi in the search box, and you'll see that Akamai has a presence in Nairobi. By the way also in Kampala (Uganda) and Kigali (Rwanda): http://wwwnui.akamai.com/gnet/globe/index.html

zatkin• 11 years ago

Apple Company

Huh? I thought they're Apple, Inc.

witty_username2• 11 years ago

Hmmm, I live in India and I get ~280 ms ping to Facebook and 180 ms ping to Twitter. Seems mostly an issue of "not-living-in-the-US".

samuell• 11 years ago

This is interesting! It makes me wonder if it could also explain why AJAX based google apps like Gmail totally don't work in Addis Abeba in neighboring Ethiopia, even on the speediest of hotel wifis (really, the download speed was not bad, except for the initial lag). And I mean totally don't work ... gmail.com just gives a blank page, while the plain html version works.

I have been wondering if it could be something with limits of the number of multiple connections, or even requests, affecting the AJAX requests in the background, or some kind of unfortunate timeout limit in the javascript layer.

Not sure, but with this info, I'm of course thinking more about the lag.

Would be interesting with more details on how it affects typical AJAX apps!

chetanahuja2• 11 years ago

My company provides mobile app content delivery for a bunch of apps. We use a mobile specific protocol (and backend smarts) that measures and records the latencies for each of these connections. Unfortunately, due to a lack of reasonably easy hosting or cloud solution in Africa, all African traffic is currently served out of Europe. As for sub-saharan countries, Nigeria Kenya and South Africa are the only countries where we see any significant traffic at all. And yes, the latencies are horrible, but if we look at our worldwide traffic, there are bad mobile connections everywhere (even in US and Europe) and we have specifically designed the protocol to minimize roundtrips and handle losses more cleverly than TCP, so we do ok under these conditions (though clearly not as well as we would if we had extensive server presence in the continent).

There is some slight chance that Amazon or Google might introduce compute cloud nodes in Africa... as soon as that happens, we'd love to extend our presence there. And if that's not forthcoming in the near future, we'll definitely explore other hosting options (as we've done in India for now).

Sami_Lehtinen• 11 years ago

What's the problem with Hetzner? http://www.hetzner.co.za/

chetanahuja2• 11 years ago

Hmm... that's an intriguing possibility. I always thought of Hetzner as a Germany only hosting provider. Thanks for the pointer.

pyvpx• 11 years ago

having spent a considerable amount of time in the Horn of Africa, the reason African internet connectivity "sucks" is mostly obvious: lack of local talent, substantially increased costs, graft/corruption, and minimal use of peering infrastructure (plenty of peering fabrics, little to no engagement or use)

while I certainly love the excitement this has generated, it's not as easy as "we'll PoP Kenya! We'll PoP Tanzania! We'll PoP all of Africa! 50ms for everyone!"

you would think a place like Djibout with five submarine cables and terrestrial routes into Ethiopia, Sudan, and others, would have a vibrant peering fabric or CDN nodes.

Level3 just put a CDN node in there, and Telecom Italia Sparkle has been there for a while. AFAIK the CDN node is completely under-utilized and Sparkle provides high cost MPLS services for private and governmental outfits; not as much general IP transit.

More work needs to be put in getting carriers to peer at existing points of presence, and costs have to be lowered any way they can.

DocG• 11 years ago

instead of wires, even between citys the internet is transmitted by air. Im currently in southwest cameroon, and only means for access is over the air. At home, I use mobile network. But even in all the cyber cafes, offices, etc they use different over the air solutions. As far as I know, no one is wired directly to the network. And apparently even from this region, traffic goes to douala over the air, where it meets optical sea cable. Oh, and incoming connection is under monopoly. If it goes down, everyone go dark.

There are startups whose plan is to create local network coverin city for high bandwith content, without relaying to the outside connection as this is mostly bandwith limited. So called alternative network of catche servers and wifi, as often even watching youtube is pain depending on the time and location.

kaboro• 11 years ago

https://angani.co/blog/its-not-how-much-fibre-you-have-its-w... a response to this post, highlighting our experience over the years in Africa

tekesteg• 11 years ago

I think Ethiopia is the worst!

Why the Internet in Sub-Saharan Africa Sucks

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