The Deadly Global War for Sand

http://www.wired.com/2015/03/illegal-sand-mining/

by appleflaxen • 11 years ago

93 45 11 years ago

Harvard Design Magazine recently covered this in a Singaporean context: http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/39/built-on-sand...

arethuza2• 11 years ago

Of course, you can also take the approach of building using sand that has been turned into a convenient construction material by the forces of nature:

http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/r_sites_cra.html

seunosewa2• 11 years ago

That's probably even more scarce than sand.

arethuza2• 11 years ago

Interesting question though - is there more sand or sandstone in the world?

DannoHung• 11 years ago

So is there research on turning desert sand into construction material? Taking sand out of the Sahara's borders would be a good thing, right?

beat5• 11 years ago

The Sahara is a complex ecosystem, like everywhere else (actually, it's a network of several deserts with different geographies, climates, and ecosystems). It's not a dead place, and can't just be harmlessly stripped.

That said, it's easier to make square sand round than round sand square. It's probably easier to crush rock into concrete-appropriate sand than to turn desert sand into concrete sand.

angersock• 11 years ago

It's not a dead place, and can't just be harmlessly stripped.

That's never stopped us before!

seunosewa2• 11 years ago

It helps to know why it is currently not used: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech... (The grains are too smooth and too small) I wonder what the magnitude of the resulting loss of strength is and if it can be compensated for by making concrete structures built with desert sand much thicker (though this might not be economical)

This study addresses the issue but is behind a paywall: http://www.scientific.net/AMM.174-177.604

Someone• 11 years ago

Indeed. Not all sand is created [1] equal. For a funny example, see http://www.utrechtcentral.com/featured/soil-expert-from-utre... (not quite selling sand in the Sahara, but reasonably close)

For the Sahara example, I fear that part of 'strength' here is brittleness. The concrete may be strong enough, as long as you don't drop heavy objects onto it or hit it with a hammer.

Ignoring that, thicker walls in the Sahara probably are a good idea to keep rooms cooler, but can be problematic in high-rise buildings, as they weigh more, and thus require even thicker walls at lower levels. Floors are a problem, even in single-floor buildings.

[1] Actually, it is not just creation. Age plays a role, too. For example, you have to replace sandbox sand once the smaller grains have been rained out of it because it stops 'sticking'.

beat5• 11 years ago

There are lots of different kinds of sand, some pretty specialized.

In Minnesota, we're losing our beloved Renaissance Festival grounds to sand mining. The sand is uniquely useful for the kinds of drilling and fracking techniques used in the North Dakota oilfields, so it's worth more to strip-mine than to support a multi-decade business that generates millions in income every year. Sigh.

Shivetya• 11 years ago

An interesting article to say the least, seems that former areas exploited once by Western powers are they themselves doing the same to countries that are in a position they once were.

With regards to Minnesota, there are a number of active "sand mines" down here in Georgia, mostly exploiting old deposits when the ocean was much further inland. I remember visiting one while going for Pecans. They are used for everything from providing construction sand, braking sand (think trains), to extracting other valuable minerals like zirconium and titanium.

throwaway5752• 11 years ago

It's the same principle. Sand in MN and WI is from prehistoric shorelines when the inland US and Canada were covered by a shallow sea. Ironically the same sea that produced the shales that the fracking sand deposits are being mined to exploit.

ProAm• 11 years ago

Do they not have reclamation requirements once they are done mining? Most strip mining outfits are required to do that after they take what they want from below.

burger_moon• 11 years ago

Instead they're providing jobs to thousands year round and generate hundreds of millions in income.

beat5• 11 years ago

By destroying thousands of jobs.

DanTheManPR• 11 years ago

Or, you know, providing dozens of jobs and generating under ten million in income, while destroying hundreds of jobs and a cultural gathering place.

http://www.manta.com/c/mthg8jf/bryan-rock-products-inc

I don't blame the mine owners - they'll make more money exploiting the land than continuing to rent it to the Ren Fest. But I'm not convinced that it's a net benefit for the community.

dreamweapon2• 11 years ago

Instead they're providing jobs to thousands year round and generate hundreds of millions in income.

He said, providing no hard data whatsoever.

jhull• 11 years ago

Images of the same thing in Sierra Leone, destroying the potential tourism industry http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20897658

snake_plissken• 11 years ago

I cringed while looking at these. One only hopes, especially in Sierra Leone, that the sand is thoroughly washed before it is used to make concrete...

cgtyoder• 11 years ago

Once again with the shitty Wired paging that doesn't take into account its cute little header! Fix it people - it's not that hard.

cjensen• 11 years ago

That's my new pet peeve -- using "page down" on an article only to have some of the content I want to read hide under an idiotic header floating over the content.

Spooks• 11 years ago

"page down" is working for me, the last sentence up to just below the floating header.

cylinder• 11 years ago

Everything is a "war" when it comes to American journalism.

deeviant2• 11 years ago

Perhaps a war against wars is justified?

theandrewbailey• 11 years ago

No. America has got themselves into plenty of trouble fighting wars against things that are common nouns.

prolways• 11 years ago

I'm wondering if it's possible to turn this problem into a solution. I don't know the numbers, so I'm probably off by orders of magnitude, and maybe it's a losing energy proposition, but:

One of the biggest harms of global warming/climate change/whatever you want to call whats happening is the sea level rising. Is it possible we could use enough sand collected from the seabed to offset this sea rise?

ChuckMcM3• 11 years ago

This is a fun math problem to use as an interview question, it can expose how people think.

The interesting trick is to assume 75% of the earth is covered in ocean, And sea levels are expected to rise 20 meters (or more). Since you can meet "half way" between the rise in the sea level vs the lowering of the sea floor, you remove 10M of sea floor, and re-distribute it over the 25% of the "land", that means that all of the land goes up by 10M/.25 (the ratio of land to sea) or 40 meters.

So burying the continents under 40M of sand would counteract a 20M rise in sea level, sort of :-)

Retric2• 11 years ago

Moving that much of the crust around would likely to create fairly massive earthquakes and the surface of the earth is effectively floating so you are limited on how much you can change things. Still if you’re willing to move a lot of rock you could more or less get it to work.

But, your solution would raise the land and lower the sea levels at the same time. You want the difference (added land) + (lower ocean) = 20M. (.25 land : .75 ocean = 1:3) Removing 5M of sea floor would add 5 * 3 = 15M of land 5 + 15 = 20.

Of course there is little need to raise all land just the low lowing areas would be enough. Or you could also make new land vs messing with any of the existing land.

RRRA• 11 years ago

Archimedes would not agree with this solution.

dreamweapon2• 11 years ago

Is it possible we could use enough sand collected from the seabed to offset this sea rise?

Even current levels of seabed mining are considered deeply problematic for the oceans' ecosystems (already under heavy attack from overfishing, ship traffic, waste dispersal, and species transportation). And any effort that would make a dent in rising sea levels would be orders of magnitude greater.

rplst8• 11 years ago

Maybe, maybe not. But I saw an awesome video from Standford on Youtube about a process to scrub C02 out of power plants and turn it into carbonate based sand, aggregate, and cement. This could offset our C02 production while providing more sand that we'd know what to do with.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4Unt7MRsV4&index=56&list=PL...

beat5• 11 years ago

If it could be done cost effectively relative to mining, it would be a winner.

mschuster91• 11 years ago

Is it worth the effort to recycle used concrete or other scrap from tearing down buildings in order to replace/supplement sand?

nyargh• 11 years ago

Concrete is already recycled - although it is mostly used for subgrade (the aggregate underneath a concrete slab) and is considerably cheaper than crushed rock.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_recycling

brianbreslin• 11 years ago

Is there much research being done on alternate polymers or binders which can be produced to be used as an alternative on a large scale to sand? I remember reading about mushrooms/fungi being grown for use in a cement-like material.

Its troubling to see these issues across every resource we have and need in the world. Off the coast of florida here we have sandmines dredging in the gulfstream. They look like wider versions of oil rigs.

jqm2• 11 years ago

In the article, the guy that dived for sand bringing it up in a bucket made $16 dollars a day. He had to dive about 40 feet down. Someone else hauled the sand up that he dove for. This person made less.

So lets say between the two and maybe a boat, $25-35 a day. I looked up how much concrete sand costs... in the US at least I found it for $7 a ton. Are they able to bring up 3 or 4 tons a day per two man team diving down 40 feet? I am skeptical, but maybe there is something I don't understand.

foofoo55• 11 years ago

They would only need a 2.7 gallon (USG) bucket to bring up 4 tons per day.

But please check my estimate: A cubic yard of sand can weigh approx 3000 lbs, so that's 2/3 of a cubic yard per ton. 27 cubic feet per cubic yard, so 18 per ton, which is 135 USG. 4 tons (from your question) is then 540 gallons, and at 200 dives per day that is 2.7 gallons per dive.

I'd bet they do more like 8 tons per day per diver.

EdwardDiego• 11 years ago

Shift seven tons and what do you get...

jqm2• 11 years ago

200 dives a day, lets say they are super and work a 10 hour day (for easy math).

That's 20 dives an hour or one every three minutes. Diving down 40 feet and bringing up a 3 gallon bucket of sand, once every three minutes for 10 hours straight again seems... very difficult (or maybe a bit improbable).

Perhaps it's a special kind of sand and they get more money for it so they don't have to do quite that much?

The Deadly Global War for Sand

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