8087 Emulation on 8086 Systems

https://www.os2museum.com/wp/learn-something-old-every-day-part-xx-8087-emulation-on-8086-systems/

by ingve • 3 months ago

67 33 3 months ago

xattt• 3 months ago

The article states that the 8087 was an expensive add-on.

Was this price point a deliberate market differentiator, or was there some special sauce within FPU that was otherwise difficult to attain?

ErroneousBosh• 3 months ago

They were not made in especially large numbers and they were - look at Ken Shirriff's blog - way more complex than the 8088 chip.

Can't find "good" figures but they were apparently about $100 in 1980 money for an 8088 and about five times that for the 8087, something like that.

That'd be something like $400-odd and $2000-odd in today's money.

jcranmer• 3 months ago

I may be misremembering my source (an interview with the 8087 architect lead), but I want to say the die yield on the 8087 was like 30%... just barely feasible for Intel to actually make.

bell-cot• 3 months ago

From a Marketing PoV, sure, it was a differentiator with special sauce.

But from an Accounting PoV, it was separate chip. With far more transistors than the 8086 CPU. And its cutting-edge (for the time) design and other fixed costs had to be spread over a far number smaller number of units.

stevesimmons• 3 months ago

Also, need to bear in mind that 25-30 years ago, laptops were 10x more expensive than today.

For my postdoc in 1995, my industry sponsor bought me a then top-of-the range Dell Latitude XP with 100MHz 80486, integrated 80487 coprocessor and 32MB RAM for radar signal processing research.

In Australia at the time, it cost A$10,000, as much as my car.

Even the 24MB RAM upgrade from 8 to 32MB cost USD1,200 ($2,500) in today's money. Which puts current complaints about the soaring cost of RAM into perspective!

hulitu• 3 months ago

But did those laptops had "special laptops CPUs" like today ? Or you got the same CPU like in a desktop ?

cameldrv• 3 months ago

As others said, the chip was more sophisticated than the 8088 itself, so it was fairly expensive. The original IBM PC (and pretty much all of the clones) came with an empty socket for the 8087. You could buy the chip and plug it in if you wanted the extra floating point performance. At the time, probably most people who bought it were using big spreadsheets, and it made using those much faster.

At that time, the idea of deliberately disabling features for market segmentation was seen as unseemly and an indicator of an illegal monopoly.

nxobject• 3 months ago

This is slightly more niche, but I know it was pretty popular with users of AutoCAD as well.

But I would imagine that, for DTP, rasterizing PostScript on the printer would make things a lot easier.

dboreham• 3 months ago

It wasn't deliberate in the sense of deliberately making a second chip that wasn't necessary, selling it as some kind of dongle to unlock existing functionality in the 8086. It was a real chip that cost as much or more than the 8086 to manufacture. The sauce that was difficult to attain otherwise was hardware implemented FP. You could either buy an 8087 or design and fab your own equivalent. Or accept slow FP.

kjs3• 3 months ago

was there some special sauce within FPU that was otherwise difficult to attain

Yes...um...it did floating point much faster than it could be done on the 8086. For some users, this was very important (and not particularly important to most others).

Someone• 3 months ago

The 8086 had about 30k transistors, the 8087 about 65k.

⇒ I think it mostly was a matter of “that’s what it will have to cost at our typical margins”. Because you get lower yields for larger chips, that meant a larger than 65/30 multiplier.

anthk3• 3 months ago

Go try running some Unreal Engine 4 game with software rendering. Doable under GNU/Linux and OpenBSD with

export LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=1 under Lutris, your shell or whatever. Enjoy the slideshow.

Now, run it under a modern GTX video card.

ahartmetz• 3 months ago

Built-in software rendering in games is about 2 orders of magnitude faster than OpenGL + OpenGL software rendering, though. Or was, when software rendering existed.

JoeAltmaier• 3 months ago

Special sauce? Yes. It could do floating point on a chip. CPU's didn't have that, not the microprocessor kind. They were 'micro' which meant, barely any room for the registers, instruction decode and execution units. The float point instructions on the 8086 were explicitly to manipulate the 8087.

An unexpected issue with the 8087 was, it caused issues when multi-processing. That is, any kernel with a process scheduler had to swap the 8087 state along with the rest of the registers.

jasomill• 3 months ago

It was a more complicated chip than the 8086 and 8088[1], that would have had a much lower projected sales volume, so no special sauce is really necessary to justify a price premium over the the 8086.

While I'm struggling to find early price information on the 8087, I did find a PS/2 price list from 1987[2], which lists a $310 IBM MSRP for the 8087.

For reference, pricing for the entry-level 8086-based IBM PS/2 Model 25, including monochrome monitor, keyboard, floppy drive, and 512 kB RAM, started at $1,350[3] (which is about twice what you'd have paid for a similarly configured no-name XT clone at the time).

[1] https://www.righto.com/2025/12/8087-stack-circuitry.html

[2] https://www.ardent-tool.com/docs/pdf/brochures/ibm-ps2-facts...

[3] https://www.dosdays.co.uk/computers/IBM%20PS2%20Model%2025/m...

bombcar2• 3 months ago

The interesting thing about the 8087 is that the co-processor interface was kind of generic. In theory you could have had things beyond just an FPU, but I don't know if much was ever done using it.

bobmcnamara2• 3 months ago

Pre-Cortex ARM CPUs were the same way.

Chips did fit crypto engines, matrix multipliers, FFT offload, and color converters there.

duskwuff2• 3 months ago

Some of them still do. RP2350 has a couple of custom coprocessors, for instance.

alnwlsn• 3 months ago

There was an 8089 I/O co-processor. I'm not sure what used it, maybe if you were making some kind of realtime data acquisition system?

bombcar2• 3 months ago

It'd be fun to shoehorn some incredibly (relatively) powerful device as an 8086 copro - maybe an early GPU or something that could communicate slow enough.

wglb• 3 months ago

While I was at Mark Williams back in the day, the engineers wrote 8087 emulation floating point for the Mark Williams 8086 compiler. This involved some quality time with the Volume 2 of Knuth in the log division section.

dehrmann• 3 months ago

Fun trivia: Intel's PCI vendor ID is 8086.

ButlerianJihad• 3 months ago

Fun trivia: hexadecimal is written as "0x8086". Intel's PCI vendor ID is 32902.

https://pcisig.com/membership/member-companies

The decimal ID 8086 is not assigned, so it may be a reserved number. Nor is 6800 assigned in either notation.

0x8088 is, however, assigned to "Beijing Wangxun Technology Co., Ltd."

Decimal 8088 is assigned to "Akeana, Inc."

Decimal 8080 is assigned to "QUSIDE TECHNOLOGIES S.L."

anthk3• 3 months ago

https://github.com/howerj/muxleq (subleq and muxleq). Look at the EForth code on how a small FP it's implemented. Also, learn about Forth, it's dumb easy to understand.

watersb• 3 months ago

Because the 8086 had no facility for emulating an FPU (unlike the 80286 and later processors), the emulation mechanism was somewhat complex and required tight cooperation of assemblers/compilers, linkers, and run-time libraries.

The article goes into some detail on the extra effort required to implement FPU hardware emulation on a platform that did not especially support it.

Modern implementation of FPU emulation might be more straightforward.

I haven't worked with FPU emulation on microcontrollers, which is probably the most common use case these days.

retrac• 3 months ago

Modern implementation of FPU emulation might be more straightforward.

Most 32-bit designs throw an exception on an invalid instruction so it can be caught and handled at runtime. Even basic ARM Cortex-M0 chips throw a catchable exception on illegal instructions.

So one option is to just issue the FPU instructions as if the FPU exists, and then catch and emulate.

This is how operating systems emulated FPUs on processors like the 68020, the 386 and early RISC machines, if they didn't have an FPU.

8087 Emulation on 8086 Systems

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