Universal Reasoning Model (53.8% pass 1 ARC1 and 16.0% ARC 2)

by marojejian • 7 months ago

131 30 7 months ago

marojejian• 7 months ago

Sounds like a further improvement in the spirit of HRM & TRM models.

Decent comment via x: https://x.com/r0ck3t23/status/2002383378566303745

I continue to be fascinated by these architectures that: - Build in recurrence / inference scaling to transformers more natively. - Don't use full recurrent gradient traces, and succeed not just despite, but because of that.

Moosdijk2• 7 months ago

Interesting. Instead of running the model once (flash) or multiple times (thinking/pro) in its entirety, this approach seems to apply the same principle within one run, looping back internally.

Instead of big models that “brute force” the right answer by knowing a lot of possible outcomes, this model seems to come to results with less knowledge but more wisdom.

Kind of like having a database of most possible frames in a video game and blending between them instead of rendering the scene.

omneity2• 7 months ago

Isn’t this in a sense an RNN built out of a slice of an LLM? Which if true means it might have the same drawbacks, namely slowness to train but also benefits such as an endless context window (in theory)

ctoa• 7 months ago

It's sort of an RNN, but it's also basically a transformer with shared layer weights. Each step is equivalent to one transformer layer, the computation for n steps is the same as the computation for a transformer with n layers.

The notion of context window applies to the sequence, it doesn't really affect that, each iteration sees and attends over the whole sequence.

nl3• 7 months ago

Instead of running the model once (flash) or multiple times (thinking/pro) in its entirety

I'm not sure what you mean here, but there isn't a difference in the number of times a model runs during inference.

Moosdijk2• 7 months ago

I meant going to the likeliest output (flash) or (iteratively) generating multiple outputs and (iteratively) choosing the best one (thinking/pro)

mysterEFrank2• 7 months ago

I'm surprised more attention isn't paid to this research direction, that nobody has tried to generalize it for example by combining the recurrence concept with next token prediction. That said despite the considerable gains this seems to just be some hyperparameter tweaking rather than a foundational improvement.

whiplash4512• 7 months ago

Not just hyper parameter tweaking. Not foundational research either. But rather engineering improvements that compound with each other (conswiglu layers, muon optimizer)

in-silico• 7 months ago

nobody has tried to generalize it for example by combining the recurrence concept with next token prediction

Here you go: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.05171

mysterEFrank2• 7 months ago

Thanks! This seems to work incredibly well.

E-Reverance• 7 months ago

It should be noted that this is NOT the official scores on the private evaluation set

viraptor• 7 months ago

Here it matters much less than in generic LLMs though. There's no chance of test set leakage since the network is not general purpose / not trained on the internet.

amluto2• 7 months ago

This design implicitly does something similar to something that I sometimes think conventional transformers should try: allowing later layers to query the KV data from earlier layers. As far as I can tell, with a conventional transformer, if a layer (and presumably higher-level-thinking) layer wants wants to take input from earlier tokens from something lower down, it needs to get it from the output and “remember” it by itself instead of just reading it directly.

But suppose an extra attention head were added that queried the KV data from lower layers. At the very least, I imagine this might cleanly solve the STRAWBERRY problem: whatever layer has figured out that the prompt wants to count instances of R could attend to lower layers that actually perceive those Rs.

krackers3• 7 months ago

extra attention head were added that queried the KV data from lower layers

Isn't this sort of similar to latent looping? E.g. [1]. But actually as [2] argues, even that wasn't a good experiment because it used the very last hidden state, which is too close to the logits and loses most of the rich embedding structure. Perhaps you don't even need access to the state of anything except the penultimate hidden layer, since based on my vague reading of [3] the residual stream doesn't "lose information" as it passes deeper down the attention layers, so each block maybe manipulates a different subspace of the residual stream.

[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.06769

[2] https://snimu.github.io/2025/03/30/multi-layer-language-head...

[3] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45758093

amluto2• 7 months ago

Perhaps you don't even need access to the state of anything except the penultimate hidden layer, since based on my vague reading of [3] the residual stream doesn't "lose information" as it passes deeper down the attention layers, so each block maybe manipulates a different subspace of the residual stream.

I imagine that conventional transformers kind of force this. If you train a transformer such that it needs to learn the ability to do tasks like “Repeat the following words: apple banana cat” then the model is sort of forced to internally propagate the input far enough along to be able to perform the task. But maybe if you pre-trained from scratch with an architecture where later layers get direct access to earlier layers and/or the raw input, then the model wouldn’t need to propagate information.

Or maybe it would all fall apart and something would go wrong with the gradients.

yorwba• 7 months ago

This architecture does not allow later layers to directly query KV data from earlier layers. Each iteration of the loop uses the same layer parameters, so the KV data in later layers may well end up being the same, but only if the model stops changing it in response to other tokens in the context. Which is also something a traditional multi-layer transformer could do. (But might not end up doing due to lack of corresponding inductive bias.)

None of this helps with the strawberry problem, where the very first layer already gets a tokenized representation, so there is no layer that "actually perceives those Rs."

cainxinth• 7 months ago

Is it fair to say that the “Rs in strawberry problem” will not be “cleanly” solved unless we advance beyond tokenization?

ImHereToVote• 7 months ago

I can't instinctively process how many R's are in STRAWBERRY. I use my vision to get it though almost immediately.

I feel simple transformers simply don't get access to those modalities that a human would use. I can't use my "talking" centers to count letters in words either.

You just need to pay attention to understand you don't use your language skills to count words.

andy12_• 7 months ago

I remember doing this kind of test in a vanilla transformer trained on my laptop on a small text dataset. I basically added N^3 attention where each layer could pay attention to previous layers. It didn't improve anything and was much slower.

Hard to say whether something scales or not from a couple dozen million parameters to an actual billion-sized model, but I have the impression that the nature of the residual stream and its high dimensionality allows any layer to access information of previous layers if the transformers needs it.

test123asdfasdf• 7 months ago

Isn't that just a higher dimensional neural net, i.e. connections along more axes.

krackers3• 7 months ago

Maybe slightly related, canon layers provide direct horizontal information flow along residual steams. See this paper, which precisely claims that LLMs struggle with horizontal information flow as "looking back a token" is fairly expensive since it can only be done via encoding in the residual stream and attention layers

https://openreview.net/pdf?id=kxv0M6I7Ud

mlpro• 7 months ago

Lol. trying to copy the Universal Weight Subspace paper's naming to get famous.

numbers_guy• 7 months ago

I'm confused about ARC-AGI. I thought the point of it was that you train a foundational model. Then you test it against ARC-AGI to figure out how well it reasons. Here and in some of the other reasoning papers, they are training on ARC-AGI. How much sense does that make in practice?

whiplash4512• 7 months ago

ARC-AGI allows (and encourages) training on their training set. Their evaluation setup is rigorous enough to avoid leaking between training and testing (public and private).

Universal Reasoning Model (53.8% pass 1 ARC1 and 16.0% ARC 2)

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