India to order taxi aggregators like Uber, Ola to go electric

https://in.reuters.com/article/us-india-electric-autos-exclusives/exclusive-india-to-order-taxi-aggregators-like-uber-ola-to-go-electric-idINKCN1T71DU

by abhi3 • 7 years ago

258 110 7 years ago

in.reuters.com

yeldarb• 7 years ago

How would this work? As far as I know neither of them owns the vehicles in their “fleet”.

Do they just provide incentives for drivers to buy electric vehicles? Or is the government actually expecting them to put company-owned electric vehicles on the streets?

Retric• 7 years ago

It would limit their fleet sizes to 2.5x the number of electric vehicles. Depending on electric vechile adoption they might not need to do much. Presumably they would pay x$/month to EV owners in their fleets, deduct some fees from IC car owners, and or simply require higher customer approval etc.

fooker2• 7 years ago

How would this work? As far as I know neither of them owns the vehicles in their “fleet”.

They partner with companies owning fleets who rent them to drivers at a low-ish cost. It seems entirely reasonable to put restrictions on the 'fleet'.

dmix4• 7 years ago

Uber doesn’t own any cars though. That’s a big part of their business model.

Even a significant % of traditional taxis don’t own the cars. The taxi drivers are ‘brokers’ who buy and maintain the vehicles and make a deal with the taxi companies for business (branding, debit/credit card machines, running the phones, etc).

Uber would have to require most new cars from drivers they hire to be electric in order to accomplish this. Otherwise they’ll be forced to get into the fleet buying/maintenance business.

est31• 7 years ago

How they change their fleets is their business. They could give higher compensation to people with EV's. They could treat ICE as if they weren't around when the maximum number of ICE cars is on the road.

wuliwong• 7 years ago

How they change their fleets is their business

Why is this obvious? If the composition of their fleets is not their business why is it clear that the way they manage their fleets is? I would actually assume that there are probably loads of regulations that already govern the ways Uber can manage its fleet?

seanmcdirmid3• 7 years ago

They don’t own their own fleets, do they can’t change what they don’t have.

It will be up to whoever is working on their platforms to procure EVs, and with India’s lack of developed EV production capacity and super high tariffs on imports, this goal completely unworkable by the deadline put forth.

CydeWeys3• 7 years ago

Simplest way to make this work would be to gate new driver signup by vehicle type (with verification). If they are under 40% EVs then they wouldn't allow new non-EV drivers to sign up for the service at all.

Also, they'd likely want to pay EV drivers more, to create the correct incentives to get enough EV vehicles into their "fleet".

nacs• 7 years ago

This is not a solution at all. The churn rate on drivers is probably too high with Uber/Lyft services (most drivers aren't full time and do this when they feel like it). This means while the EV adoption is under the cutoff (40%) in your case, no new drivers would be joining while lots of drivers who are already active drivers become inactive.

This means not only are Uber/Lyft not acquiring any drivers (or just signing up a tiny percentage that have EVs) while they lose a lot of their existing drivers.

rubber_duck3• 7 years ago

To be honest it would probably be better to add a progressively increasing tax on non-electric car fares - so first year it is announced, second year it's 5% of the fare, third it's 10%, fourth 15%, fifth 20%, etc.

And use that tax pool to create programs for acquiring EVs (business or otherwise).

You can even add an exemption to offset the start period by a year or two for cars bought within a year to avoid screwing over people who just invested in a new car for this purpose.

benj111• 7 years ago

Wouldn't you want a higher tax earlier to offset the higher EV cost?

A 1% tax isn't going to help if EVs are twice as expensive, whereas in 20 years time where hopefully EVs are approaching cost parity a 20% tax shouldn't be needed.

But on the other hand you want to broadcast to everyone that in the medium term your taxi will need to be electric, so plan accordingly. Taxes are hard!

Noos2• 7 years ago

The problem is it would just force people out of the market. Like in the USA the average car is getting up to the 25-35k range and is not something people can change to easily. You're asking someone working for Wal-mart wages (which tend to be what many Uber people essentially make) to incur a huge new debt load or progressively harsher taxes.

You guys need to understand the impacts of the policies you recommend, because this is why people are against climate change efforts so vigorously.

adrianmonk• 7 years ago

The simplest thing would be to change how the driver app assigns jobs. Under certain conditions, when they look at the Uber driver app, drivers of gasoline cars would just not see jobs available where drivers of electric cars (in the same location at the same time) would.

Adjust conditions as necessary so that you hit your target (while also trying to minimize service disruption).

Because Uber drivers can't make money if they can't accept jobs, this creates an incentive for drivers to have an electric vehicle. They can get jobs others can't.

Eventually, the market should even work out the correct pricing. There's already a mechanism to pay more when drivers are in short supply. If the supply gets restricted because gasoline cars are sometimes ineligible, compensation has to go up (assuming Uber doesn't want to make customers wait forever for a ride).

shasts• 7 years ago

Well, how would this work is often an afterthought for Government in India. Last year they promised healthcare for bottom 40% of India, which in theory sounds nice for the elections and the masses, but fail to implement or allocate funds.

Since this is primarily aimed at foreign companies operating in India, may be there could be some success, unless they bribe out of this.

https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/09/27/indias-government-...

trimbo• 7 years ago

Anyone know roughly how many hours various electric cars can go in a city taxi-driving setting before needing to be recharged?

oyebenny• 7 years ago

Aside from the fact that this is not an impressive goal, hopefully by that time we have electric cars with solar panels anyway.

marsRoverDev• 7 years ago

I don't think that solar panels will be capable of generating enough power to make much of an impact on an electric car's mileage. Happy to be corrected.

clouddrover2• 7 years ago

Already do. But you don't get much range per day from solar charging:

https://sonomotors.com/en/sion/

kumarvvr2• 7 years ago

Mahindra & Mahindra already has an electric version of their sedan cabs, called eVerito. They seem to be popular and M&M is expanding their numbers. They were specifically introduced as vehicles for cab fleets. I find quite a few of them everywhere in my city.

kumarvvr2• 7 years ago

This is a good thing. But I really hope India invests a lot in public transportation and related infrastructure, especially in tier 2 and tier 3 cities.

rrrazdan• 7 years ago

We are. We are building metros in n>10 cities now.

mariushn2• 7 years ago

7 years from now is quite late. Would prefer a 2-3 year deadline, along with plans on how cities will provide chargers before that deadline.

tracker12• 7 years ago

Where do you anticipate all these cars being made? What about the cars that are currently owned, where the sunk cost of mfg was already paid and it's more economical to continue using vs. replace?

For example, if the U.S. required half of all cars sold be EV, then there would be no cars available to buy for 2-3 years just to ramp up production alone. Millions of jobs lost during that time too.

mariushn2• 7 years ago

We're talking only about ride hailing cars, right? Not all.

LargeWu• 7 years ago

Based on Uber's history, they'll probably cook up some scheme to fraudulently register combustion vehicles as electric or find some other shady way around the regulation.

kinkrtyavimoodh3• 7 years ago

Ridiculous government regulation needs Uber style treatment.

India is faaar from any electic car infrastructure. Like another comment said above, it's purely a PR move by the govt.

bhaavan• 7 years ago

Yeah, let's not attempt do anything, because it's not perfect. /s

0xFFFE• 7 years ago

Hence the realistic goal of 40% by 2026, that should be enough to setup the charging infrastructure and also to be able to complete the power plants (nuclear,solar, hydro) under construction.

amrrs• 7 years ago

This is what you call a PR thing by Government. Why? * 2019 - 2026 - That's after (5+2) years which means it makes it easy for this current Government to pitch it before next election.

* Everyone knows Uber and Ola don't own their fleet so who'll be accountable?

* In Bangalore, Ola was banned for a month or so for a policy violation, only to be revoked just in 24 hours citing Public / Traffic / Driver's livelihood.

* Uber and Ola drivers in cities like Bangalore are currently not even getting time for their food (lunch) and for them to sit aside and recharge the car seems another big 'would they ?'

* Any news on Public Policy reg. Internet companies hit front page.

Why not the government make better Public transport system? Why don't they increase the frequency of Government Bus ? Why don't they electrify Public transport?

None of these would hail the Government as Elon Musk ish visionary other than this one.

fourier_mode• 7 years ago

* Everyone knows Uber and Ola don't own their fleet so who'll be accountable?

They don't own the fleet. But if the current regulation hits the books they cannot afford to lose their entire fleet as there is competition in the market(although barely). This is not that simple that the entire burden would be shifted on the drivers. I think what would happen is Uber/Ola would subsidize the drivers(thereby sharing the transitioning costs) to move to an electric motors.

chki• 7 years ago

Didn't the Indian election just happen a few months ago? So if this was just a PR thing wouldn't it have been better to do it just before the election and not right afterwards?

lm28469• 7 years ago

* Everyone knows Uber and Ola don't own their fleet so who'll be accountable?

Don't they require a modern car of a minimum size ? Just add more requirements.

giis• 7 years ago

* Everyone knows Uber and Ola don't own their fleet so who'll be accountable?

Who says so? Have you read about tie-up with Tata for EV ? https://www.indiatimes.com/auto/current/tata-nano-electric-m...

Try to understand ground reality before making false claims.

Btw, elections over just ~15 days back, if this just PR stunt, it makes more sense announce it during 7 week long election not after that.

captn3m0• 7 years ago

That’s an article from 2 weeks back. (24 May) of an announcement of the deal. The ground reality today is the drivers own the fleet, with both Ola and Uber financing it to some degree.

Johnny555• 7 years ago

Everyone knows Uber and Ola don't own their fleet so who'll be accountable?

The Seattle airport requires that ridershare drivers drive cars that get mileage >= 45mpg, and every Uber/Lyft car I've seen picking up at Sea-Tac is a hybrid (almost all Priuses).

So putting car requirements on Uber can be effective even though they don't own their own cars.

https://airportimprovement.com/article/sea-tac-establishes-e...

nonamechicken3• 7 years ago

Regarding public bus, many states are currently testing electric buses. I have seen 2-3 in my city, though recent reports indicate the state run transport company is not that happy with the buses since they don't make enough profit or due to charging issues.

This article has a list of all the states that are soing trial runs along with the bus manufacturer's name:

https://www.news18.com/news/auto/modi-governments-big-electr...

Centre seeks proposals for 5,000 electric buses: https://m.economictimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/centre-s...

BMTC (Bengaluru) working on plan to buy 300 electric buses: https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways...

After Goa and Delhi, Kerala government has joined the race to dip from Centre’s `4,500-crore FAME-2 ( Faster Adoption & Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) subsidy pool. The state’s public transport entity KSRTC has floated tenders to lease 1,500 electric buses for 10 years.

https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/kerala-floats-e-bu...

jagannathtech• 7 years ago

"Why not the government make better Public transport system?"

Both are not mutually exclusive. Metro systems and roads are being built at break neck speed. High speed rail too.

Also many state govts have floated tenders for electric buses and for Pvt companies to start electric bus services for eg Tamilnadu.

olivermarks• 7 years ago

Seems crazy to me. Most taxi and uber/gypsy cab drivers run hybrid Priuses because they are the most cost effective and economical vehicles for this purpose in stop and go traffic. Insisting on EV's when charging tech is so inefficient and scarce seems hugely problematic for the foreseeable future. Seems a lousy investment for anyone wanting to make money providing a driving service through one of the mobile platform middlemen.

najarvg• 7 years ago

Your point is well-taken but there is an incredibly limited number of hybrid vehicles in India (only 2 actually) - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in...

But given the age of India's electricity infrastructure and the huge challenges, this initiative would definitely present large challenges. The good news is that there is political will and a general absence of politically powerful retrograde lobbies to stop this from happening if tried sincerely.

monksy• 7 years ago

Good luck getting a charge with the blackouts.

Also.. most of the ubers (aka taxis) that I was in were suzuki Wagon Rs.

ramshanker• 7 years ago

So let's jump start the beginning of "S Curve of Electric Adoption" going for cars. 2 or 3 years back, Minister of Transport Mr. Nitin Gadkari had dropped a bombshell right in the middle of some mega Car Event. "I am NOT going to allow you to sell ICE post 2030". Audience was like ....... Awwwww

Battery Mini-Riksaw are already dominating many of the small towns in India right now. Registration for Diesel Tri-wheelers is already stopped in some capital cities. Petrol may be on the way out too within 5 years.

plibither8• 7 years ago

This might be irrelevant to the topic at hand, but the cover image of the news article that the reader first sees is very misleading. It depicts nothing that might hint towards the article talking about Uber, Ola or electrification of their fleets. Yes, there appears to be a traffic jam (which in an indirect way can be linked to Uber and Ola being public modes of transport), but that is because there is a road-show going on related to an election.

KaoruAoiShiho• 7 years ago

Are there domestic EV brands that are doing well there? Or is the expectation that Ola will fund it itself? Or buy foreign brands?

naruvimama• 7 years ago

India has aggressive climate change commitments. It is setting long term expectations and providing guidelines to the biggest influencers [Uber/Ola]. It gives an indicator to the manufacturers, infra providers, service providers and the end consumers on what to expect. It is in line with their 2025 goals.

nonamechicken3• 7 years ago

Some more info:

EV sales in India grew three-fold to 3,600 in the year ended March but still account for about 0.1% of the 3.3 million diesel and gasoline cars sold in the country over the period, industry data showed. China's electric car sales, meanwhile, rose 62% in 2018 to 1.3 million vehicles.
Motorcycles and scooters sold for commercial purposes, like food delivery or for use by e-commerce companies, will also need to be electric from April 2023, the person added.
Its Ola Electric Mobility unit in March raised ₹400 crore ($58 million) from investors including venture capital fund Tiger Global and Matrix Partners.
It also raised $300 million from Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors and formed a strategic partnership with the South Korean duo to help build India-specific EVs.

https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/india-set-to-order-...

troysk• 7 years ago

* Uber/Ola do not own cars, and the owners take out loans to get one. Electric cars can be expensive to be financed for that income group. Uber's endgame is to own self-driving cars and not a normal car, atleast that was the dream :).

* Indian car companies do not have electric cars (a real car can go for atleast 200kms a charge/refill).

* A car factory(even non-electric) would take atleast 5 years to start churning cars.

* Even in that case, it will have to import 40% of the cost ie batteries as India cannot make them. If it starts today, it can in 10 years.

* Import duties of fully assembled, SKD and CKD electric cars is very high makes them uncompetitive to petrol/diesel cars.

* Direct importing is not viable as it requires certification.

* 60% of India's electric supply is coal based.

And to top it;

* Upto 50% of pollution a car will cause is done during production of the car ie before even a kilometre has been driven. Replacing lots of good working cars from the street is not environment friendly.

avita1• 7 years ago

Do you have a source for that last point?

Even if that number is right, I would think that Uber/Ola cars have higher after-production emissions due to them being driven all day and being driven in city settings (as opposed to on a highway where cars are more efficient.)

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

I cannot recall a source as I read it at multiple places and the math made sense. This was the first link that showed up when I googled just now. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/20...

ardit33• 7 years ago

Nice analysis.

The point that many people make: "* Upto 50% of pollution a car will cause is done during production of the car ie before even a kilometre has been driven. Replacing lots of good working cars from the street is not environment friendly."

It is not just overall pollution, but where and how it is done that it is important. There is a huge difference between controlled pollution, from a factory away from large cities, and thousands of cars spewing emissions right into the core of urban centers. The second would cause more direct health issues and potentially deaths and overall unpleasantness.

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

Semi-rural India should not suffer too!

Please lookup charts of air pollution in the world, there are multiple smaller cities of India which are manufacturing hubs and on the list.

There is nothing called controlled pollution. And even if there is a technical feasibility like Carbon Capture and Storage it is not enforced.

usrusr• 7 years ago

Overall pollution is a real hard problem. Computer top that, local pollution is more like a temporal inconvenience, it will pass (except for its share in overall pollution)

vkou3• 7 years ago

The point that many people make: "* Upto 50% of pollution a car will cause is done during production of the car ie before even a kilometre has been driven. Replacing lots of good working cars from the street is not environment friendly."

You're completely wrong. This may be the case for a weekend vehicle that is sent to the junkyard before you put 30,000 km on it, but is 100% wrong for a taxi, that drives >300,000 miles over its life.

It takes 6-12 tonnes of CO2e to produce a car. [1]

Taking 35 mpg, every 10,000 miles driven is 285 gallons of gasoline. 1 gallon of gasoline produces ~8.9 kg of CO2e. That's 2.5 tonnes per 10,000 miles driven.

After 50,000 miles driven, the typical car breaks even with its manufacturing emissions.

The average taxi (in NYC) puts on 70,000 miles. Per YEAR. [2] In a single year, it's fuel emissions exceed manufacturing emissions.

If you want good return-on-investment, taxis are the first vehicles we should be regulating. They drive a lot more than the average car.

[1] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/20...

[2] https://www.quora.com/How-many-miles-does-a-NYC-taxi-do-in-i...

gingabriska• 7 years ago

I second this, traveling through India made me aware that power cuts are still a thing in some part of the world.

There is always load shedding going for every day 2 hours in a row.

It's really hard to live there, specially if you own a house then you need to install generators or backup in some other way.

India needs more nuclear power plans.

And Indian government should be promising 24/7 electricity in every town with more than 1lakh population atleast then they can think about "EVs".

Today there isn't enough power for air conditioning which is growing demand as the temepture sours.

slg• 7 years ago

Replacing lots of good working cars from the street is not environment friendly.

This is generally the reason why most legislation of this type tries to dictate new car sales rather than actual usage. That route would yield slower results, but it is a more efficient approach.

That said, we also need to keep in mind that these electric cars aren't going to be replacing 5 year old vehicles. The strong secondary market allows those used cars to flow down market to push out much older and lower quality vehicles. Those low quality cars are also likely the worse polluters. Think of the Cash For Clunkers program. That was a failure on many levels, but one of the successes was modernizing some of the vehicles on the road which led to both better fuel economy and safety (although I should note that other aspects of the program had negative environmental impacts that might have made the program a net negative overall).

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

Ola/Uber cars are mostly new taken on loan in India.

China has shown the way to do the transfer. Super high taxes for registration of a petrol/diesel car and free registration for an electric one. Build cars at home and subsidise its components.

No hand-waving required. Just make it more affordable. Let capitalism finish the job.

snambi• 7 years ago

OLA do own their own cars. OLA owned cars do get preference. This is one of the main complaints of drivers who own their own cars.

mtrpcic• 7 years ago

a real car can go for atleast 200kms a charge/refill

Pedantic, but Electric cars _are_ "real cars" as much as gas/diesel cars are.

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

A car without a 100 mile range is toy, you are welcome to have your own opinion. Range anxiety is real for a car buyer.

mtalantikite• 7 years ago

Does anyone have a release from what the directive actually says? I know the article says cars, but did they maybe mean to say fleets? An “auto” in India could mean an auto-rickshaw (tuk tuk), and you certainly can order those through Uber there. It’d be a lot easier to imagine autos going electric.

Also to the parent’s point about self driving cars as part of Uber’s strategy, while totally valid, I really can’t imagine autonomous vehicles working in the places I’ve been in India. I’ve had drivers hit traffic jams and just literally turn around and drive into oncoming traffic for a while. It’s pretty impressive how traffic flows there — I can’t imagine an autonomous car figuring out how to do it.

bvssatish• 7 years ago

Of course, there are electric cars in India, https://www.mahindraelectric.com/vehicles/e2oPlus/

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

Please read the complete statement again.

woodandsteel3• 7 years ago

I want to ask you about some things. But first, you say

* 60% of India's electric supply is coal based.

The long-term plan is that this all be replaced with non-polluting sources of electricity. But I am assuming you already knew that.

Now what I want to ask you is, if electric cars are a bad idea for reducing co2 pollution, what would you recommend? Or is it your position that anthropogenic climate change is a hoax, and we should just stay on fossil fuels?

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

When did I say that?

Replacing new and working oil cars with new electric cars in a short timeline is a poor decision which is far off from reality.

nonamechicken3• 7 years ago

Delhi based BluSmart taxi services already launched a fleet of electric taxis using Mahindra eVerito: https://youtu.be/AVHHMOxRQ94, https://youtu.be/pWYBDbxlx_c

There are some electric cars already available or ready to launch (videos available in YouTube): Mahindra e2o, Mahindra eVerito, Tata Tigor, Tata Altroz.

These are some of the electric cars arriving in India this year (at least 11 models): Hyundai Kona, MG ezs, WagonR Electric, Tata Altroz, Tata Nexon, Mahindra eKUV100, Nissan Leaf, Renault Zoe.

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

And the car size, range and pricing competitive? A VC handing out money to a startup will not usher electric taxis. People will need to start buying them because they are better, cheaper and more powerful.

machz• 7 years ago

This comment and your following comment seem to show a reluctance to accept EVs as solution. You haven't considered some major points:

1. "Import duties are high", "Direct import is not viable" - it's the govt we are talking about. They'll HAVE to ease the import to make it work.

2. Vehicles age; and they break down faster on indian roads. Current vehicles will eventually expire and open up space for electrics. no one is going to ask you to smash a new car.

ShirsenduK11• 7 years ago

I mentioned the facts and your observations about my personal opinions are incorrect. I want EVs too but the price conscious Indian market won't buy them at current prices/performance.

1. Even the top courts in India have questioned the government on it but the government has no answer. I am not sure what information you have that you can emphasise that it has to. There is no political/public pressure only a marketing one.

2. Exactly! But enforcing of shorter deadlines by government is not going to help anyone and result in a few outrages by the road by the drivers and forgotten by everyone by the next news cycle.

throwmex• 7 years ago

Is it just me that thinks whenever a western media writes an article about India, they show an image of India in the worst possible way.

For ex: Why does this article have to show a picture of a political rally ?

seanmcdirmid3• 7 years ago

Because the rally is collocated with a traffic jam?

praneshp• 7 years ago

Ah, I think your parent comment should have asked for a non-stupid reason. An electric car is going to be in a traffic jam as well.

vishnu_ks• 7 years ago

Ola recently raised $56 million to spin out a dedicated business that focus only on electric vehicles. In March, Power Minister R. K. Singh said the government was aiming to ensure that at least 30% of the country's vehicles run on electricity by 2030, a significant dilution of the earlier-stated goal of an all-EV fleet by that year.

https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/28/ola-ev-business-ola-electr...

InTheArena• 7 years ago

Having just been in India, I can safely say that Uber in India is one of the worst uber experiences I have seen, independently of this change.

India's car policies will make this very difficult.

Right now the "made in India" car restrictions means that India doesn't share car infrastructure with the rest of the world. From what a local was telling me, car manufacturers typically transfer their tooling from old product lines in other parts of the world when assembly lines are re-tooled to build cheaper India only vehicles.

Thankfully, the big cities are so congested that the older model cars with older model safety systems, but this approach won't work with EVs, which are not yet mainstream in the rest of the world.

My guess is that a modern version of a tuk-tuk would be ideal, but battery production is going to be a very big problem for this. India has the 3rd largest automobile market and a low level of vehicle adoption, but until they fix infrastructure, I don't see it happening.

dang• 7 years ago

Url changed from https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/india-electric-vehicles-20..., which points to this.

Glench• 7 years ago

While I don't know about this specific policy, I'm happy that the push to electric vehicles (and hopefully carbon-free energy) is happening worldwide. This is one of the big areas we need to do absolutely immediately.

Otherlab founder Saul Griffith has a great analysis about why electrifying cars and more of our technology is so necessary in the US here: https://medium.com/otherlab-news/decarbonization-and-gnd-b8d...

"Without changing the size of our homes, or our cars, or fundamentally changing the fabric of our lives, a fully electrified energy economy using non-carbon fuel sources would require less than half of the total amount of energy we use today."

Your next car should be electric.

yatharth_1• 7 years ago

To everyone recommending adding more restrictions to the cars that can be driven for rideshare companies, please, I don't know where you live but India is not at all as rich as your country. There's no infrastructure to support electric cars not to mention no drivers who can actually buy it. Here's an example, today I rode Uber for one journey for one hour and paid 500 Rs (7 USD). In US I pay more than 10USD for a few miles (may be 15 minutes) only. Do you really think this guy is going to buy an electric car?

Yes it's a PR campaign, elections may be over but reelected government has to show that its better than past and what better way to make empty promises, which cost nothing.

Every point made by ShirsenduK is to the mark about conditions in India.

India to order taxi aggregators like Uber, Ola to go electric

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