Klapaucius

Even if proposed for vicarious motives, the technology as such may still be the right way to go.

From an environmental perspective, CO2 sequestration for EOR (enhanced oil recovery) makes little sense, other than reducing the carbon footprint of production a bit, demonstrating the storage principle and further developing key technology.

What makes more sense is to use geological storage for CO2 captured from industrial processes other than power generation - production of cement, steel and chemicals, in other words processes that would release large amounts of CO2 even if switching 100% to renewable energy.

Also, we need some place to store all that CO2 that purportedly would be captured using DAC (direct air capture) in the future.

Sequestring CO2 is a huge scale problem, and all solutions have significant flaws. Forests require vasts amounts of land, and storage is only assured as long as nobody decides to chop down the forest for other more pressing purposes (looking at you, Brazil). Storing CO2 in oceans (either in the form of "ocean fertilization" or by directly dissolving CO2 in seawater) could have huge and unknown consequences for marine ecosystems. Other solutions such as biochar and enhanced weathering of minerals have limited scalability.

As I see it, Geological CO2 storage (CCS) may be the only large-scale practical way going forward, despite all the bad rap it gets due to its historical association with the fossile fuel industry. After all, the excess C in the system came from the ground, and the ground may be the only place able to re-absorb it without significant environmental consequences.

If you look at the weight of the tech product (phone) in isolation, you are correct although not in a very meaningful way. If you look at the amount of physical material that went into the process leading up to producing that product, the quantity would amount to many tonnes of material in terms of crushed ore, fossil fuels, water consumption, chemicals, packaging and so on. A phone does not only represent its own grammes material, but an enormous tail of environmental impact in form of waste, emissions and extraction remains. (This is not to mention the human labor cost involved in obtaining some of the rare earths used, from countries with, ehrm, lax labor laws).

Underground saline aquifers are an excellent place to store CO2, and worldwide storage space is estimated to be orders of magnitude above what is ever going to be needed.

Also, keep in mind that CO2 is not stored as a gas, but in dense phase (liquid-like), due to the high pore pressures at the depths considered (> 3000 feet), well above the CO2 critical point.

At these depths, any leakage to the surface would be negligeable unless you make a really lousy job in choosing your reservoir.

I agree that we should aim to reduce energy usage, but I would argue we would need to both. As often said, there is no "silver bullet" to dealing with climate change, only the possibility of a "silver buckshot", where we'll have to do many large changes at once. Even if we could transit to 100% "green energy" overnight, that alone wouldn't take care of more than less than half of current emissions.

A third of emissions come from industrial processes, much of which entirely unrelated to the energy used. In a nutshell, these emissions can be reduced using CO2 capture/storage, or alternatively we could stop making things such as steel, cement or fertilizer.

For any mitigation solution, you have to ask 3 questions 1) How much does it cost 2) How much space does it require 3) How does it scale

Planting trees performs excellent on (1) but terribly on (2) and (3). According to Bill Gates' recent book on the topic (where he aims as best has he can to summarize the state of knowledge as per today), you'd basically have to make a big forest of the rest of the world just to offset US emissions.

In addition, it's not enough to plant trees, you have to plant trees where there wouldn't have grown any if you were not planting (i.e. making forest out of non-forest). This is going to put an additional huge strain on the need for land to feed more mouths, which is a problem that is only becoming more precarious.

And we would buy ourselves time to solve energy storage coming from renewables.

To my understanding, the intermittency/baseload problem is a much larger problem than people give it credit for. And I don't think it is safe to assume that we will eventually "solve energy storage", any more than we can count on eventually developing commercially viable fusion or any other still-pie-in-the-sky technologies.

Perhaps we will, but dangerous to count on.

Theoretically yes, although reasorbtion of CO2 takes a long time.

This is a place where carbon capture and storage would be a natural fit. Seriously.

Cement is but one example of industrial processes that inherently release large amounts of CO2 even if we were to go 100% renewable energy-wise. Applying carbon-capture technology to cement plants would be a way to actually bring their emissions down to zero regardless. Capturing CO2 directly from such CO2-intensive processes would certainly give way more bang for the buck than trying to capture CO2 out of thin air, as many seems to be placing their hopes on these days.

And this is not theoretical. At least here in Norway, it is already being done at one cement plant: https://www.norcem.no/en/CCS

That's what geological storage is all about. After all, the carbon came from the ground in the first place.

People may have different motivations for promoting CCS (carbon capture and storage). However, the underlying motivations for a subgroup of those promoting a technology shouldn't be a reason for dismissing the technology itself.

I agree that CCS shouldn't be used as an excuse to continue fossile fuel use. However, as long as there are fossile power plants in existence (and we are necessarily stuck with those for a very long time), it makes infintely more sense to capture emissions at the source (the power plant) rather than spending energy capturing CO2 out of "thin air" later.

Moreover, there are a host of industries (steel, cement, chemicals) that would continue emitting large amounts of CO2 even if they switched 100% to renewable energy). To cut these emissions, there is no alternative to capturing the CO2 and storing it.

Looking at the figures, I would dare to claim that people against the use of CCS are not really serious about tackling climate change. (And by the way, the reason large-scale CCS has not yet happened in Europe is to a large part public resistance - I would assume that's a big part of the reason for those power plants in Germany too).

There is GoTools (https://github.com/SINTEF-Geometry/GoTools) and SISL (https://github.com/SINTEF-Geometry/SISL). These are open-source geometry libraries for parametric surface modeling, that include NURBS surfaces and intersections and trimmings of such.

Intersections are computed approximatively within some prescribed geometrical tolerance, and intersection curves are "marched out".

I know /s, and perhaps I'm getting old and idiosyncratic, but I really don't understand why invent new text editors (Sublime, Atom, ...) at this point.

With emacs and vim around, I'd argue that text editors is a solved problem, if there ever was one. It is very hard to match emacs in terms of useful features or adaptability. Granted, the learning curve has a reputation for being steep, and elisp could need a facelift, but I think addressing these problems would provide much more value than reinventing the wheel with another shiny editor.

Don't think for one second that the higher-ups in ISIS and the ones who planned this recent attack are religious people or drink their own ideology kool-aid.

Oh yes, they are, and yes, they do.

Quite possibly, and in any case I did not have many illusions that we'd actually catch that ship.

But I am not sure whether this particular news item shows that anything has really changed in terms of policy. France has been bombing IS for quite some time already, as far as I understand.

If IS takes the pain to fund and coordinate something like this, it is surely because they want to obtain something. If the attack would not change status quo in any way, there would be no reason to invest time and resources in carrying it out.

According to those Western scholars who study IS ideology, it is clear that they adhere to an apocalyptic interpretation of islam where they envisage some kind of final battle against "the armies of Rome".

Whether the attack was intended to serve a strategic or ideologic purpose, or just to make a point, it is clear that the last thing they want is for it to change nothing.

So, in a purely rational world, the best reaction would be to change nothing. Not scale up military presence in Syria, certainly not scale it down, not change any policy, keep on carrying out business as usual, and on the emotional level, mourn, but not fear. Of course, we do not live in a purely rational world, so whether this route is even possible to follow, I don't know. But I really believe that if we were able to react (or rather non-react) in this way, it would be the very least the attackers wanted. It would reduce their "heroic deed" to just the meaningless slaugher that it was.

As a semi-analogy: After the right-wing extremist Anders Breivik killed some eighty people at a youth camp a few years ago, the Norwegian government more or less handled him as a regular criminal (albeit a high-profile one). Now he spends his day alone in a prison cell, occasionally whining in the media about not having the latest X-Box or something similar, pretty much revealing to everyone with a working brain what a small character he truly is. If he had been executed (not possible in Norway, I know....) he could surely have ended up being seen as a martyr by some.

You make a lot of claims. Mostly unsubstantiated. I do not see a point in engaging.

And by the time the Dutch flee the Netherlands, it's too late to talk I'm afraid.

Any non-expert has a very limited capability of reviewing any significant fraction of published literature on such a vast field in detail, yet alone understand it or put it into proper perspective.

Therefore, we (me, you and the parent poster included) do need to rely on experts to get an impression of what is most likely to be true. If you imagine you can do this yourself to any significant degree, you are almost certainly deluding yourself.

That's why a figure such as 97% is so convincing, the remaining 3% (including Dr. Lindzen) nonwithstanding.

Hi,

I didn't really expect an answer, so thank you for giving one anyway. From what you write, I get the impression that could be described as a "slippery slope" kind of situation, which I can understand. I don't know how I'd behave myself given those circumstances, although I'd of course like to think I'd resist somehow - but perhaps I'm fooling myself. And you are right that there are a lot of industries of questionable/negative moral worth out there (I listed a few of my picking in my previous comment, but you could add certain parts of banking/finance industry, tobacco industry and many others..)

I guess what amazes me is the number of people willing to sacrifice their limited time on this planet to actively work on stuff that is (if one is being honest with oneself) providing net negative value to society as a whole, making this world a shittier place for everyone. (Saying this as a relatively non-religious person).

Well, I for one would be genuinely interested in how someone working in a field that I personally (and many with me) do find morally reprehensive (whether it be gambling, drugs, weapons, fossile fuels...) think about their role in the big picture. Do they have good arguments that I fail to see, do they not care/think too much about it, does the salary/benefits trumph any moral qualm, do they not have any other choice, etc. If you don't want to discuss it, that is fine, just pointing out that the original poster's question might not be fully rhetorical.

"This demands a more robust marketplace beyond CO2 for soda and oil wells."

The only permanent solution is sequestering the carbon deep underground (depleted oil/gas fields or saline aquifers). Most CO2 "utilization" cases (including production of biofuels) merely delay the inevitable release of the gas into the atmosphere.

Sequestering CO2 for the sake of sequestering it does not pay though. In order for this to make sense, a carbon tax would likely have to be imposed (it worked in Norway, where Statoil has stored excess CO2 geologically for almost two decades now at the Sleipner field).

The CO2 content of the exhaust from a coal-fired power plant is (fortunately) many orders of magnitude higher than what's found in the atmosphere. It would be much cheaper to capture it at the source. But even that is still considered too expensive, which is part of the reason we don't see many large-scale carbon capture and storage operations popping up.

But there are some encouraging news from Canada these days: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2014/10/07/...

The atmosphere water content is self-regulating, since it works as a cycle (water evaporating, condensing and raining down, with the atmospheric content mainly regulated by how much vapor the air can hold). Not so with CO2. There is no similar "excess" threshold for CO2 after which it would "rain down".

Even if done at an industrial scale, it would serve no purpose from a climate perspective. Adding CO2 to a drink does nothing to get rid of it. Once the drink is consumed, the CO2 is right back out there. You only delay the release into the atmosphere a tiny bit.

The issue of intermittency is in my opinion vastly undercommunicated in public debate about renewable energy, at least in Europe. A diagram like this [1] can be used to illustrate the issue. Although this diagram is from a hypothetical UK modeling exercise for 2020, the broader point it makes is valid. On the diagram we see how daily electricity demand follow a predictable daily curve, and the different sources of electricity that are used to meet that demand. We see that electricity from nuclear and coal provide the most stable component, whereas power from wind (green) varies hugely in time. Gas power, which can be turned on and off quickly, is used to fill the gaps in demand. At times, there is almost enough wind that no generation from fossil fuels is necessary, but at other times most of the electricity has to come from burning gas (I've seen similar scenario graphs where wind occasionally fills more than 100% of the demand, but still gas power will be needed for a large component of the energy mix when integrating over time).

The point is that without some incredible advance in energy storage capability on a scale that is not on the radar today, we are stuck with an energy system where a significant component needs to be non-solar and non-wind. From a climate perspective, the best options would then be nuclear electricity or electricity from fossil fuel plans equipped with CCS technology (which is now belatedly emerging).

(Disclaimer: I work with CCS-related technology development).

[1] http://www.timera-energy.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Hour...

(link to page from which picture is taken: http://www.timera-energy.com/uk-power/getting-to-grips-with-...

My personal experience with US high school as an exchange student is that there was a much higher pressure on being "cool" and "popular", than back home, to a great detrimental effect on the social environment. Students were being unfriendly and mean to each other for no other apparent reason than to climb the social ladder. It also seemed like it was a goal to be disgusting - with indoor spitting, food-fights and generally gross behavior. Not only kids, but also weak teachers were bullied. Reciprocally, some teachers bullied weak students to an extent I consider clearly unprofessional. And god forbid if you were gay or something (this was in the mid-nineties, so a while back now).

How refreshening it was to return to my native high school after that year! Although it had is problem too, at least the norm among student was to be nice to each other. Being "cool" was certainly a thing, but students generally weren't obsessed about it. I am generally nostalgic about my high school days, except the year in the US.

This is just my personal anecdote, and is of course ludicrous to say that "bullying doesn't exist in Europe", but I cannot help but wondering whether my experience fit into a pattern. Watching American teenage dramas, it's just too uncannily like what I observed myself.

There are already people organized to promote this very idea. Google "ammonia economy" or check out: http://nh3fuelassociation.org/2013/07/02/implementing-an-amm...

Also: https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/sustainabil...

I know too little of the subject myself to have a position on it, but it is an intriguing idea.

Do these numbers take into account that most of the information reaching the eye never reaches the brain? It is amazing how little information is transmitted from the eye to the brain - the vivid images that we "see" is to a large extent product of the brain's own imagination, with impulses from the eye to a large extent only provides limited, 'corrective' information to ensure acceptable coherence with reality...

"I was actually hesitant to mention Buddhism, since it was partially responsible for the kamikaze and other horrific acts."

Kamikaze has nothing to do with buddhism whatsoever. If you want to stick it to a religion, it would have to be shintoism, an animistic, purely Japanese religion.

I don't think you'd ever see a machine ask about not being turned off, unless that had been explicitly programmed in as a part of some general goal-seeking behavior that it was intended for. Fear of non-existence will need to have a basis in _something_, just as fear of death by necessity is deeply ingrained in the human psyche.

And that's perhaps the reason we might not see 'hostile' AIs the way popularly imagined, unless we explicitly went about designing them that way.

Why should we assume they would fear power loss? The fear of death is deeply rooted in evolution - it help organisms survive and prosper. An AI wouldn't be a product of evolution, and wouldn't necessarily fear for its own existence unless programmed to do so. Of course, from our human perspective, it's hard to imagine a sentient being that doesn't give a sh about its own existence, but that's perhaps the attitude we should expect from an AI without an evolutionary origin.