Ask HN: Password best practices?

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7102526

by ryanklee • 13 years ago

35 67 13 years ago

news.ycombinator.com

My password practices are an unsystematic mess. I keep different passwords of varying strength across all of my accounts.

I'm ready for a total overhaul with best practices in mind.

How should I go about this?

Walkman2• 13 years ago

Just use LastPass [1], 1Password [2], Keepass [3] or whatever password manager software you like and forget it. I prefer LastPass for seamless syncing and multi-platformity. It can also check existing password if you use them multiple times!

1. https://lastpass.com/ 2. https://agilebits.com/onepassword 3. http://keepass.info/

reuven• 13 years ago

I completely agree. I used to have systems upon systems for remembering passwords, but I inevitably had accounts with the same password, and remembering them was impossible after a while.

I started to use 1Password (for my Mac) about two years ago, and it probably sat, unused, for the first six months. I knew that I was doing the wrong thing by not using 1Password, but I was also frustrated by the thought that every time I went to a Web site, I would need to click a few more times, instead of letting my browser fill things in.

At a certain point, I realized that the only way to use good passwords was to embrace the 1Password way of doing things. I slowly but surely changed all of my passwords, and I feel much, much more secure nowadays. Each site has a different, long, impossible-to-remember password -- but that's OK, because the whole point is that the password shouldn't be possible to remember.

It takes time to use such systems, but they're incredibly worthwhile. And after a while, their use becomes quite painless and natural.

Walkman2• 13 years ago

You can set up LastPass even to log in you automatically, so you don't even have to click submit or login buttons if you want!

cerberusss3• 13 years ago

I tried and paid for LastPass, then compared it to 1password. The latter is very nicely designed, and works much better on iOS.

Piskvorrr4• 13 years ago

Use a password archive (e.g. KeePassX) encrypted with one really, REALLY good password you'll memorize (plus a keyfile, should you feel paranoid).

Each password for a service is then randomly generated and stored in the archive; you don't need to remember them, you just need to access the archive.

For default, I have chosen 60-character password length, upper-lower-numbers-spaces-special characters mix (as a rule of thumb, a longer password is preferable to a more complex password).

For whatever reasons, some services refuse this combination - and that's a huge red flag: if the service at least hashes the password, it should get a uniform, eminently storable string out. If they care what characters go in ... well I ain't saying they're storing the plaintext, but it's close enough to arouse suspicion. One of the worst offenders seems to be Skype, with its "maximum password length: 20 characters, no weird characters allowed." If that happens, well, you can override the default and generate a weaker password for that one service, or vote with your feet and not provide your account details to such a suspicious contraption.

GotAnyMegadeth• 13 years ago

Hotmail also limits your password to 16 characters

cerberusss3• 13 years ago

It's enough. Everybody uses "hunter2" as the password.

grimgrin• 13 years ago

If my main password was: Teeter!Coin!Statue! is that "really good"?

I ask because I wonder if I should go more complex with that one password I remember. Mine is about as complex as the example I gave.

Piskvorrr4• 13 years ago

That's "mediocre" at best. This should be The One Password To Rule Them All, the only one you'd actually need to remember (or be completely locked out of the password archive if you forget!). So: using a pass_phrase_ would definitely be good, but it would need to be a good deal longer. I'd suggest at least eight to ten words. (Note that this is The Key to all your other passwords - it needs to be both strong AND memorable; no point in compromising one for the other.)

cyphax• 13 years ago

The reason I like to use a key file isn't so much paranoia, but ease of certain types of use. If I use a key file, I could upload my KeePass database to a cloud service, but keep the key file elsewhere. I could also keep the database on a usb drive and keep the key file somewhere else and not worry as much about passwords I have to remember or how strong it is.

There are WAY too many services that don't allow for 60 character passwords though. I use much shorter passwords by default (24 characters or so, I'm not even sure of the exact length) but it's not uncommon for a service to not accept my generated (by KeePass) password due to its length.

sehrope• 13 years ago

Use a password archive (e.g. KeePassX) encrypted with one really, REALLY good password you'll memorize (plus a keyfile, should you feel paranoid).

One more vote from me for KeepassX with both a long, unique passphrase and a keyfile. Once you start using a password manager it's impossible to go back to trying to memorize individual passwords (which is a good thing) and you'll be hooked for life at the convenience.

One tip: make sure to increase the number of rounds of key derivation for the master password (should be under "Database settings"). The default is relatively low. There's a handy button with a clock on it that will perf test your computer and pick a number of rounds that is approximately 2 seconds of CPU time.

For default, I have chosen 60-character password length, upper-lower-numbers-spaces-special characters mix (as a rule of thumb, a longer password is preferable to a more complex password).

Yep when it comes to passwords, long beats strong.

For answers to "secret questions" (which arguably are one of the stupidest concepts in account security) I follow the same rule. Long, random gibberish answers. Ex:

    Q: What's your first pet's name?
    A: gVr5nlLy0BLPu6OpW5YUPVMtHXqy5xxr2UMUbCoSTIR3KmPTfdl8Ml8ckfbDC7Pw
    
    Q: Where did you go to high school?
    A: Wdn3hohFxq2H4f7y8n501gwlPGZLlKDIDusWA0dGm9NEaabwogh9DUKngDy2zabC

I think it'll be pretty funny if I ever have to read one of those over the phone.

One of the worst offenders seems to be Skype, with its "maximum password length: 20 characters, no weird characters allowed."

Yes that's pretty stupid and it's not just Skype, it's also Hotmail/Outlook and "Microsoft accounts" in general (ex: Windows Azure). I don't remember if it was always like that for Skype or if it happened after the Microsoft acquisition though.

T-hawk• 13 years ago

What do you folks using password managers/archives do for access from other machines that don't have the password tool and database? Cloud-based password storage (either in a Dropbox-like service or built in with the password manager) doesn't feel kosher. This is what's stopped me from adopting a password manager so far - I want to always have access to things like my webmail and forum accounts from any internet client without a dependency on a stored database.

yen223• 13 years ago

Ain't nothing wrong with using KeePassX + Dropbox. In any case, if the attacker can crack KeePassX's encryption, he can probably crack your forum accounts directly.

ereckers• 13 years ago

I have chosen 60-character password length, upper-lower-numbers-spaces-special characters mix (as a rule of thumb, a longer password is preferable to a more complex password). For whatever reasons, some services refuse this combination - and that's a huge red flag:

That would be the websites of nearly every financial institution I've ever come across.

antr2• 13 years ago

I use the combo of OnePassword for password management + Leemail to have a unique email address for every service/website I use. Leemail also makes it easy to block any emails which gets leaked to spammers or companies that ignore unsubscribe requests. i.e. one unique email and one unique password for every service I use.

danielhughes3• 13 years ago

How many devices do you use 1Password on? I tend work on two macs, a windows PC, an Android phone, an iPhone and an iPad. Maybe that's a bit excessive but it's certainly common to have at least a few devices. I keep getting turned off by 1Password's licensing model which requires separate software purchases for each device. It's not the total cost that bothers me but rather that the model suggests to me that using 1Password across a lot of devices is going to be a hassle. I'm curious if that is your experience.

rickyc091• 13 years ago

I'm using mine on one Mac, one PC, iPhone / iPad and I'm not really having issues with the licensing. I'm actually having issues with syncing the data...

antr2• 13 years ago

Personally i used it on my home Mac, work Mac, iPhone and iPad. Having said that I bought the 1Password Mac + Windows bundle family license, as we have a windows pc at home and more macs. no problems syncing, quite the contrary, pretty fast and solid

AGKyle3• 13 years ago

This is somewhat tricky.

We can sell the Mac version via our website or the Mac App Store (we do both). Purchases made on one cannot be easily converted to the other. In fact, we have no knowledge of any information about Mac App Store purchases besides total sales numbers and basic stats like that.

Windows, the only really straight forward way is from our website.

Android, technically we could distribute from our website and/or the Google Play Store. Distribution from our site is not something I'm all that familiar with, but I don't think it's all that common these days. I'm sure someone will correct me if I'm wrong here.

iOS can only be purchased from the App Store.

As you can see, there's really very little in common between various distribution methods. We would _love_ to be able to sell a pack that includes everything. It's just not an easy thing to do nor is it possible on some platforms.

The only apps that actually have a real license for them is the website version of the Mac app, and the Windows app. The rest are all tied to the ID you used for purchasing (iOS, Android). The app also includes a software licenses section so you can store those credentials in the app if you choose. Making this a lot easier.

Hope that helps explain a little bit about why it might seem difficult, but it shouldn't be all that hard in the long run. It's like any other software really.

Kyle Swank

AgileBits

jagermo2• 13 years ago

I switched to Lastpass a few years back and never want to go back. Recently I upgraded it with a yubikey (http://yubikey.com/)

zdw• 13 years ago

Use very complex, unique passwords for everything. Generate these passwords with a tool like pwgen, the OS X keychain, etc. This contains a password leak to only the systems that share the same password.

Use a encrypted storage for your password, protected by a master password. This can be as simple as text files on encrypted volume, or a more complicate password manager.

When you can avoid using passwords, do so. For example, key based SSH auth prevents you from having to re-enter passwords all the time, and is generally more secure.

When given the option of 2-factor authentication, take it. 2FA + a weak password is usually better for security than a strong password without 2FA.

JimmaDaRustla• 13 years ago

I use lastpass with yubikey.

Password to lastpass is long and completely unique - not used anywhere else.

lastpass generates and maintains passwords for all sites - they are all 16 characters long (long passwords are key for preventing bruteforce typically), unique, and they all contain numbers, upper and lower case characters, and symbols.

The thought process is - if one of the passwords is compromised (hacked site, brute force, etc.), the same password will not be usable on other sites. I had this happen in my WoW days.

Edit: I have the lastpass app trusted on my phone so I have access on the go.

Phoenix912• 13 years ago

You should use KeePass, with automatically generated passwords and expiration dates. 60 characters is far too much, 16 is good with numbers, letters and special characters.

I don't use any american solutions due to Snowden's revelations. I don't want NSA on my passwords. Prefer an open source program.

If you want a cloud system, with keepass on your smartphone automatically updated, I think you should create your owncloud server.

Piskvorrr4• 13 years ago

Why does it matter to the user how many characters are in the password? Xe never interacts with that string directly anyway; and password _length_ strongly correlates with password _strength_. 16 is way, way too low - the rainbow tables for this size are already widely available, and most sites still go for the lowest security possible (single password hash, unsalted).

Suitov2• 13 years ago

I go for 64 as a default length, but it's surprising how many sites respond with "No! You can't havee more than 8/10/12 characters or I'll sulk!" Makes me extremely suspicious re: just how they're storing them.

cerberusss3• 13 years ago

I use a password that I keep in my head for my bank and creditcard. Another for Amazon, GMail, Apple ID and my Linux server.

And for the rest of the bunch, I switched to 1Password. It doesn't support Linux, but that's okay for me. I do most of my browsing on iPad and MacBook.

larrik• 13 years ago

I would strongly recommend having your GMail password be different than all of your other passwords, plus with 2-factor authentication. Getting access to your GMail means that someone could easily get access to any service you use that account on.

Yes, this means your GMail password security is likely more important than your bank's.

jcutrell• 13 years ago

While I like the idea of using LastPass, I think the danger lies at wherever your weakest link is, and the moment you choose to index your passwords somewhere other than your brain, you are creating the potential for a weakness.

Specifically, if someone gains access to your physical computer and they figure out your LastPass password, what happens next?

If you choose to use LastPass, make sure you do it with a fantastically long, entirely random password.

Example: "3BA^h<VQgj+nL%KP$ (this was completely randomly generated at http://passwordsgenerator.net/)

For a little reasoning, look into how passwords are generally hacked. Usually, hackable passwords consist of words or l33t words (l!k3 th!5) that are somewhat related to the person. A massive number of people use the same words or patterns for these things, so a brute force attack informed by a l33t-smart dictionary (minus the definitions) often is the cause for a hack like this. Furthermore, in different languages, there are more frequently used letters and spelling conventions, which can inform the dictionary's ordering or choice of words. (Think: colour vs color)

However, if the person does indeed use a random sequence of characters, the average person doesn't usually go outside the alphanumeric range. If the password is only lowercase, that's 32 characters. If it contains uppercase, that's 62 characters.

So then, we can take that information and use it to understand the complexity of a brute force algorithm based on possible permutations and other info.

Take a look at this: http://www.passwordmeter.com/

(Disclaimer: I do not hold any type of CS degree or formal training in cryptography. I've listened to a few classes online though.)

Piskvorrr4• 13 years ago

Solid advice - except for three issues: 18 characters, in 2014, is not "fantastically long" at all. The choice of lcase/lcase+ucase only gets you a single bit per character typed - password length matters most, everything else is just icing on the cake: nice, but non-essential. Also, password meters are mostly harmful - the author takes some arbitrary rules and turns them into a measurement - that's okay for weeding out horribly weak passwords, though.

Darkmyst2• 13 years ago

If the password is truly random (and uses the entire keyspace - upper/lower/number/symbol) then 18 characters is fantastically long. At 1 trillion guesses per second it takes ~1.3 Trillion Centuries to exhaustively search the 18 character key space that uses all four things (upper/lower/number/symbol)

gmuslera• 13 years ago

Have 2 kinds of passwords. A small set for passwords that could retrieve others (mail, password manager that you must have, computer/phone, offline/offcomputer ones) that must be easy to remember/rebuild for you, but very hard to break in practice (if you want, generate them using your variation of the xkcd approach). And the rest to be basically random, long, with a big charset, all different for each site and generated and kept in a password manager (that should have an offline storage, like KeePassX, even if you sync them on your devices using dropbox/google drive/etc)

Oculus2• 13 years ago

Personally, I use a self devised algorithm for each service. In comes the service's name, out comes a password.

An example of an algorithm could be the first two letters, the last two letters and place those around the name of the person who created the service. This is a poor and somewhat weak algorithm, but the main idea is given the service's name you are not only able to derive the password, but each service has a unique one.

deletes• 13 years ago

I tried that once, but it is hard to determine what the name is actually. Especially after you forget it and have to reconstruct it.

Is it? = "Hacker News", "HackerNews", "Hacker news", "ycombinator", "news.ycombinator.com"... you get the idea.

Even if you have a 100% way to determine the name. Then the main problem why this doesn't work, is that the name might get changed slightly and ruin your scheme. And you can't remember the password because you didn't visit the site for 4 months.

Example: Hacker News -> News for Hackers, or the domain you used for name gets slightly changed.

Then what?

Oculus2• 13 years ago

I've yet to encounter a scenario where the name of the service changes. I guess in that case you could always use something like internet archives to see what the name was previously? The approach's success is in following a set of rules unquestionably and for all services. So for example for all multi-word services, you use camel case.

waterhouse4• 13 years ago

For several online accounts, I am using a cryptographic hash of [the site name] + [a secret phrase] to generate the password.

danielhughes3• 13 years ago

What do you do when the site requires that you change your password? Do you use a different secret phrase? And if so how do you keep track of those?

waterhouse4• 13 years ago

Heh heh--uh, fortunately I have not encountered a site that ordered me to change my password and forbade me to use an old one. If I had to deal with that scenario... I guess I would create a file that had, on separate lines, "[site name] [number of resets]", and would change the main script to take a hash of [site name] + [secret phrase] + [output of "grep '^'$SITE_NAME' ' [that file]"].

Also, if I wanted this to work with multiple accounts on a single website, I would have to include [account name] in the input to the hash function.

hamburglar• 13 years ago

My scheme involves the passphrase, the site name, and a password version all getting hashed together. If a password needs to be changed, I just bump the version. This requires me to keep a list of names and versions around, but that's not sensitive information absent the passphrase. I've also written my own version of a pwdhash-like tool which saves the list of site names along with the versions, so I don't have to do a lot of data entry in order to retrieve a password.

hanula• 13 years ago

https://www.pwdhash.com/ and its browser extensions works great.

andrewaylett2• 13 years ago

I use Keepass, KeepassX, KeepassDroid and Dropbox to sync them all together. I usually generate my passwords with `pwgen` rather than the purely-random strings that come out of Keepass, as sometimes I'll want to type the password by hand -- pwgen`s passwords are much easier to copy as they avoid ambiguous characters.

I recently went looking for a passphrase generator that supports the http://xkcd.com/936/ scheme, and failed to find one I thought I could trust. So I created [1], which is about as simple as it can get, is loaded (from my own server) over SSL and doesn't rely on anything server-side or use any frameworks, so you can easily verify it by hand. It does rely on Firefox at the moment as Chrome doesn't have the crypto functions it needs yet. I intend to clean it up and publish it properly, but I'm all out of tuits, let alone round ones.

[1] http://ares.aylett.co.uk/pw/

kerkeslager• 13 years ago

Just as a note, the http://xkcd.com/936/ password scheme has issues. See the discussion in the comments here: https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2012/09/recent_develo...

zokier3• 13 years ago

I don't see any valid issues raised in that discussion beyond the question if 44ish bits of entropy is enough. And it is quite easy to bump the complexity if necessary. Wordlist of 10000 words (instead of 2000) and 5 (instead of 4) words and you get 66 bits of entropy (log2(10000^5)), which should be enough for most uses.

edit: some numbers for scale: oclHashCat claims 2500M tries per second for plain SHA1 with single HD7970 GPU. That would mean that 4 of 2000 word passphrase would be cracked in 1.5 hours and 5 of 10000 word passphrase would take 1268 years.

exhilaration• 13 years ago

Isn't it tedious to copy/paste passwords on your Android phone? I want to move to a password manager but I feel like I'd quit after a few days.

andrewaylett2• 12 years ago

It's normally not too bad -- KeePassDroid creates notifications that copy the username or password when selected, so you find the entry then switch applications to where you want to use it and use those notifications.

More often, though, I'll be looking up credentials on my phone to enter into a different system. That's where having not-completely-random passwords becomes useful, as the output of `pwgen` is much easier to type.

thrush• 13 years ago

There has been a lot of research done at CMU recently regarding how to pick passwords. This paper is a good starting point: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~agrao/paper/Effect_of_Grammar_on_Secu...

prav• 13 years ago

I store the random passwords generated by tools like pwgen in a encrypted text file (Vim ":X" feature configured for blowfish) which is encrypted with a long complex password. The file is then kept in Truecrypt volume in cloud. I still worry about plain password in clipboard when do copy/paste from the file.

I tried using tools keepass and dashlane. They are good, and work most of the time, but irritant with few sites, enough for me to not use them.

citruspi2• 13 years ago

I used to use 1Password, but I've switched to pass[0]. I prefer it because it's written for the command line and works really well. Your passwords are encrypted with your GPG key. Check out the man page for usage and examples[1]. (It's available on Fedora via yum and on OS X via brew and there's also an iOS app).

[0] http://www.zx2c4.com/projects/password-store/

[1] http://git.zx2c4.com/password-store/about/

revasm• 13 years ago

I'm quite stumped why there aren't more good password tools. Pass, vim-gnupg, and SublimeGPG are all I've found. The application managers are atrocious -- not only the UIs but data format interoperability as well. Browser managers are insane.

On another note, the pass documentation recommends a filesystem layout that doesn't remember usernames. I used this scheme before going back to vim:

  www-website-com/id/username
  www-website-com/id/password
  www-website-com/id/other_field

citruspi2• 13 years ago

I generally organize stuff like I did in 1Password. So I have stuff like this:

    /logins/<domain>/<username>
    /servers/<hostname>/<username>
    /databases/<type>/<host>/<username>

Then I can do stuff like

    pass /logins/<domain>/<username> | pbcopy

and the password gets copied to my clipboard.

nulluk• 13 years ago

Good timing on this post, recently decided to shape up my own practices.

I'm currently storing everything in a separate OSX keychain with a strong 20+ character password but there seems to be very little out there describing how OSX encrypts the notes. I can only find articles from a few years ago staging it's 3DES but I would like to think its been upgraded since then.

tomnovis• 13 years ago

To be different from the other comments, here are different examples:

You could use a password card[1]. Just print an keept it on a safe place (your wallet :-D).

Get a long and complex Password you can remember (there are lots of techniques to create and remember a passwort). After that add a site-specific phrase to your password. For example: [YourLongAndComplexPasswort]H4ck3rn3w$ As you can see, H4ck3rn3w$ is the site-specific phrase for the hacknews-website.

[1] http://www.passwordcard.org

Darkmyst2• 13 years ago

"[YourLongAndComplexPasswort]H4ck3rn3w$"

This is not a good approach. The problem arises when some thrid aprty stores your password in clear text or some easily reverisible format that allows hackers to easily get this "[YourLongAndComplexPasswort]" part thus reducing your password to the easily predictable suffix.

If your unique Hack News suffix is H4ck3rn3w$ it's a fairly safe bet that $l4shd0t, R3dd!+, Gm4i! will also be easily predictable

bdesimone• 13 years ago

It's less complicated than what I'm reading here.

* Use a passphrase of at least five random words.[1]

* Keep that passphrases secret.[2]

* Use a password manager like 1Password or Keepass to generate and manage all other passwords.[3]

[1]: Good passwords have high entropy and are easy to remember. For that reason, passphrases are preferred to passwords.

[2]: It's ok to write down your passphrase, but keep it somewhere safe -- like your wallet.

[3]: Password managers prevent password reuse and make life easier. Sync passwords across devices.

for more: http://bdd.io/security , with linked justifications.

data-cat2• 13 years ago

I like to take a long phrase (usually some lyrics from a song) and convert it in to a mnemonic. By combining the first letter of each word in the phrase, and converting some of them in to numbers or symbols, I am left with a relatively secure password that it easy to remember.

For instance...

"Cause I know that time has numbered my days And I'll go along with everything you say"

Becomes...

ciktthnmdaigaweys

Becomes...

c1k77hnmd41g4w3y5

I use this system for all of my passwords. I try to use a different password as often as possible and never have to write them down. Frequently used passwords have gotten to the point where inputing them is an exercise in muscle memory.

shawabawa3• 13 years ago

ugh that looks horrendous. I tried this out at one point with a song lyric that was around 7 words. Took me about 20 seconds each time to type the password (had to sing the song in my head every single time).

Now I just use the xkcd method. e.g. forest monkey jump truck

I have a different password for everything, which is something like 50 different passwords. I know around ~15 of them by heart - the rest I almost never use (I store them on google drive behind 2FA for when I need them)

data-cat2• 13 years ago

Lol yea passwords that are not frequently used can take a while to input. I do sing the song in my head almost every time.

What I would really like to do is program a simple command line application that would generate and store all of my passwords. I started on one a while ago but never finished it; its on my to do list.

mburgosh• 13 years ago

I've always been attracted to use a password archive service, but there is one use case that I encounter very often, maybe you can help me by answering how you deal with this.

What do you do when you need to connect in a PC that is now yours? This happens to be very often in parties when people want me to use my spotify.

Also do you keep your rsa passphrase in the archive?

As for what I do now: I integrate the service name in my password in different ways depending on the name. The combination is long enough and has enough entropy that I feel comfortable against bruteforce attacks, but is quite a mind juggle to find my password sometimes.

zokier3• 13 years ago

Most important stuff is already mentioned, but I'll add one important detail:

Consider which are most important accounts (email would be prime candidate) and have the login details for them written up on a physical paper stored in a secure place. This is to prevent catastrophic data loss in the situation where your primary way of managing passwords fails for one reason or the another.

Suitov2• 13 years ago

Damn, I really should have thought of this when switching over to my current password manager. Upvoted and soon to be put into action!

AGKyle3• 13 years ago

I do a few things with this type of mindset.

I copy my 1Password keychain onto a USB drive, space is cheap so a 16gig USB drive contains backups going back like 6 months. This drive also includes other bits of data, like tax returns.

There are now two of these drives. Once every two weeks, or after significant changes are made, I rotate them in and out of a safe deposit box.

At home I have the other in a fire safe.

One of my notes in my keychain is also instructions on what to do in case of my inevitable demise :) What credit cards I have, what services I use, all of that type of information.

The master password is stored in a safe location that only immediate family know about. Along with location they know how to handle my affairs if something were to happen to me.

It's a great backup system, but also helps handle taking care of things when I'm gone as 1Password stores data about whatever you want and keeps it secure.

Hope that helps with some more ideas for how to use your password manager to make your life easier.

Kyle Swank

AgileBits

DanBC• 13 years ago

The easy answer is a god quality password manager. You use that to generate passwords that are as long and complex as the sites / services you use will allow.

You then generate a Diceware passphrase. It's easy enough to learn a 6 word passphrase.

You can combine a passphrase with a Yubikey for 2FA.

There are risks and problems.

We don't know how secure password safes actuLly are.

It's hard to maintain these across multiple platforms.

It's hard to integrate them with existing software flows - Chrome remembering passwords or OSX keychain for example.

Yubikey is almost brilliant, but the small miss means it's actually very crustratig to use.

Edit: this also doesn't cover what happens if you suffer a brain injury or die. You need some mechanism so people can admin your affairs in those situations.

Edit2: you might want to use a spycoin if you travel across international borders.

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