Bending Spacetime in the Basement (1997)

https://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/

240 58 1 year ago

John Walker, the author of this and host of Fourmilab, passed away last year: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39297185

defrost• 1 year ago

Are his bumper stickers still available? Could be a rush on . . .

  Yes, right here, right now, you can obtain image files in a variety of resolutions and/or the master PostScript source code for The One, The Original, The Prophetic (July 1990), The Authentic “Evil Empires: One down, one to go…” bumper sticker, anticipating the obsolescence of railroad era continental-scale empires in the information age.

https://www.fourmilab.ch/evilempire/

dylan604• 1 year ago

When did the "one down" go away? It just morphed into a different thing, but it's still kicking, and winning in certain areas

gsf_emergency_2• 1 year ago

Kelvin is an odd childhood nickname for a JWW, maybe a reference to Lord Kelvin, or, a referent of Kelvin R. Throop?

https://www.fourmilab.ch/autofile/www/section2_46_1.html

https://www.keanw.com/2007/01/protecting_inte.html

jcims• 1 year ago

I’m on my second attempt at this. The first worked but it was unwieldy and kind of unsatisfying. I’m going to make a second attempt using a bearing of ferrofluid, which has a damping effect, and use field alignment with the earths magnetic field as the source of torque. It’s really fun and at times frustrating trying to eek out effects of nanonewtons of force, highly recommended.

out-of-ideas• 1 year ago

This is the consequence of all the forces of physics being gauge invariant: absolute values don't exist—only differences matter

there's something about this quote that i really like, going to have to use it out of context on people

4b11b4• 1 year ago

I've come back to this idea of "differences" from many angles...

From images: information _is _ the differences between pixels

From opinions: my opinion alone is worthless, but a difference of opinions? now we've got something

From relationships, graphs, networks: edges are _differences_ between nodes. the edges are everything. nodes alone... are meaningless

From music: this one is a little easier to take at face value, you can't have a sound without a change (difference) over time. the speaker cone can only wobble...

Not sure about the absoluteness or correctness of this intuition, please criticize

kortilla2• 1 year ago

For images, you need a reference pixel to get the color right. You can apply differences from there but you’re effectively working with absolutes because of that so it’s a meaningless distinction.

Any time an absolute reference point is assumed, all downstream calculations are effectively absolutes

PaulDavisThe1st• 1 year ago

"Information: any difference that makes a difference" - Gregory Bateson

nartho• 1 year ago

For music, a note is just a frequency. It is the difference between the notes that makes music, not the notes themselves

insonable• 1 year ago

sounds like Robert California

eggn00dles• 1 year ago

there most certainly are absolutes. theres an absolute maximum amount of distance a massive object can travel through spacetime. theres an absolute maximum amount of mass/energy that can exist within a volume of space before an event horizon forms. universal constants which have dimensions are more or less measurable absolutes. differences maybe more apparent but that doesnt mean absolutes dont exist.

almostgotcaught• 1 year ago

theres an absolute maximum amount of distance a massive object can travel through spacetime

Wut. No there's not? Specifically for spacetime it's obvious to see that's not correct because the time axis has no upper bound.

awesome_dude2• 1 year ago

An absolute on the upper bound of velocity that a massless object can travel through space at maybe?

Although - I had it explained to me that the fabric of space was entering a black hole faster than light could travel, which is why light couldn't escape.

Which made me wonder - is light (the massless object) travelling, or is it space travelling and carrying things at different velocities.

awesome_dude2• 1 year ago

It's all relative!

xelxebar• 1 year ago

Or said another way, forces carry the structure of G-torsors! The terminology is way too pompous for such a simple concept, though. John Baez has a really clean writeup on them, accessible to anyone interested: https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/torsors.html.

Heck, even differences are usually non-physical; it's their ratio that matters. I.e. choosing feet or meters doesn't change the physics; the same goes for energy. So we have two free parameters: choice of origin and choice of units.

Baez only hints at this near the end of the above article, but we can actually fuse translations and scalings into a single group of elements that are combined translation + scale operations, an affine group. It turns out that this combined group is just a certain combination (semidirect product[0]) of the translation and scaling groups, as one would hope.

And once we are thinking about affine groups, it's natural to consider more complicated ones. Most famous is probably the Poincaré group[1]. That is, points in space are physically described by G-torsors over the Poincaré group!

[0] https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/semidirect+product+group

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group

Y_Y• 1 year ago

Excellent comment. The only thing I can add is the obligatory "why stop there?", Poincaré true to form gives a beautiful description of the symmetries of flat spacetime, but we know that spacetime is only locally flat, the measurement symmetries at large scale are carried by the (unfortunately named) Killing fields[0].

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_vector_field

b112• 1 year ago

I saw this documentary, it was called 'Sliders'.

cyberax3• 1 year ago

Another interesting way to see the effects of gravity can be done with pendulums, using a Vening Meinesz apparatus.

It's not as spectacular as seeing a torsion bar move, but it's more sensitive.

genewitch4• 1 year ago

A cursory search on my phone gave a picture of the device and the biography of the person, but not a detailed explanation of how the device works or how to replicate it.

gus_massa2• 1 year ago

I can't find a complete explanation, but there are some technical details in https://deepearthscience.blogspot.com/2016/06/the-gravimeter...

cyberax3• 1 year ago

I learned about it at university. The idea is to measure the difference between periods of the short and the long pendulums. In particular, how many swings it takes for their swings to match (both pendulums arriving at the apex at the same time).

rkagerer• 1 year ago

I ran out of time to finish reading the article. He explained the importance of using a camera to observe the results due to the ways a human presence would interfere with the experiment.

When he talks about how Archimedes might have reproduced his device using technologies of the time, did he address what historic alternative might take the place of the camera?

mariushop• 1 year ago

Yes - a window.

rcxdude• 1 year ago

transparent glass was not really a thing in ancient Greece. That said with careful design you could make it work with just small openings into the room which are covered except for occasional observation.

dave90003• 1 year ago

A caveat. I had the change to perform a similar experiment at work testing very sensitive accelerometers. Believe it or not, the biggest source of errors was the bending of the floor due to the test masses! A better setup would be to suspend the spheres exactly like the tuna cans, and test two configurations rotated by 90 degrees.

lisper5• 1 year ago

Huh? Why would the bending of the floor matter?

SamBam• 1 year ago

I assume if your weights are resting on the floor, and the pivot point of the swing arm is resting on the floor, then the floor deflecting may cause the arm to swing even in the absence of an attraction to the weights.

dave90003• 1 year ago

For the accelerometers the problem was the tiny tilting of the sensitive axis in the gravity field. In this case you're probably right that this doesn't matter - but in general it is difficult to rule out every second-order effect when the forces at play are so small with respect to g.

erostrate• 1 year ago

How do I rule out the masses being attracted by electromagnetism?

danbruc2• 1 year ago

You can rule out electric forces by just grounding the masses to have them at equal potential, at least as long as your test masses are conductive. Magnetic forces seems harder, use a non-magnetic material does not really help, how would you know that it is not ever so slightly magnetic, maybe even just due to contamination? Maybe try different materials and find that the effect scales with mass but seems independent of the material, that could increase confidence as it seems unlikely that different test masses made of different materials would exhibit the same tiny magnetic forces. Also I would first do a calculation, I have no idea how the gravitational forces compares to say paramagnetic effects you might encounter, for all I know they could be of similar size or orders of magnitude apart.

mrob• 1 year ago

How about deliberately putting a strong magnet close to the rotating test masses, then repeating the experiment with the magnet on the other side and verifying that it doesn't make a difference?

gus_massa2• 1 year ago

The metal masses over a styrofoam bar look as a serius problem because they may collect static electricity. Perhaps a thin coorer wire that connect them to the aluminium foil in the water may solve that.

maurits• 1 year ago

Reminds me a bit of Greg Egans' Incandescence [1]

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescence_(novel)

dghughes• 1 year ago

The reason lies in the extraordinary weakness of the gravitational force.

I recall reading Brian Greene giving the example of sitting in a chair. The molecules of the chair are stronger than gravity. You're not crashing through to the floor.

PaulHoule• 1 year ago

I did this one in the senior lab as an undergrad studying physics at New Mexico Tech.

I got to use a whole gymnasium for a weekend and used a laser beam projected across the gym to read out the torsion balance. Pretty cool that you can measure the gravitational constant [1] so easily, if approximately.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant

Tyrannosaur• 1 year ago

Do you remember how accurately you were able to measure the gravitational constant?

unixhero• 1 year ago

Since this is written in metric/si units, I will read it!

ChuckMcM• 1 year ago

I miss John, this has much of the charm of the old "Amateur Scientist" columns from Scientific American. I remind myself from time to time that so much great work has been done by scientists with simple hand tools and a thoughtful experiment.

y33t• 1 year ago

Fun fact. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, using theodolites, plumb bobs, and spirit levels, were able to detect variations in gravity from the local environment in 1767. Upon completing the resurvey on the way back to Philadelphia, they noticed a systematic error and concluded it was because of gravitational deflection due to the Allegheny mountains (with the help of Maskelyne, Cavendish and the Royal Society).

Sometimes I think about that and it just blows me away.

plagiat0r• 1 year ago

The problem I have with the article is that gravity is not a force. Magnetic is a force, but gravity is not a force.

Bending Spacetime in the Basement (1997)

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