A Science in the Shadows

https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/a-science-in-the-shadows/

by merename • 5 years ago

52 34 5 years ago

oenetan• 5 years ago

xpe2• 5 years ago

What is 'gain of function'?
The term refers to techniques used to enhance aspects of a pathogen. This is usually done via a combination of gene editing and serial passage of the pathogen between animal hosts.

andrewl• 5 years ago

This is an interesting article. The headline works when you're on the Washington Post site, and you can see the subhead and the image of the SARS-COV-2 virus. But on its own it could mean almost anything. The subhead reads:

Controls on ‘gain of function’ experiments with supercharged pathogens have been undercut despite concerns about lab leaks.

xpe2• 5 years ago

See also "The Moral Challenge of Modern Science" [1]

The notion that science is morally neutral is also widely held and advanced by scientists. Indeed, many scientists wear their neutrality as a badge of honor, presenting themselves as disinterested servants of truth who merely supply society with facts and tools. They leave it up to others to decide how to use them. “Science can only ascertain what is, but not what should be,” Albert Einstein said, “and outside of its domain value judgments of all kinds remain necessary.”
...
We must therefore judge modern science not only by its material products, but also, and more so, by its intentions and its influence upon the way humanity has come to think. In both these ways, science is far from morally neutral.

[1] https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-moral-challe... (2006) by Yuval Levin who was at the time "a senior editor of The New Atlantis and a fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center"

prox3• 5 years ago

I really think there should be a ban on these gain of function research labs. It’s fine to research current strains and potential medications, but that’s where the line should be drawn.

booleandilemma• 5 years ago

This may just drive the research underground, making it less regulated, and increasing the chances of some kind of disaster.

AntiDyatlov4• 5 years ago

Maybe, maybe not. If the main incentives behind GOF research are wanting to churn out papers, seems like the field would just vanish.

prox3• 5 years ago

It’s pretty hard to do this stuff, you need a high level biolab, not many exist afaik.

andyxor• 5 years ago

It's funny seeing this on WaPo front page. Not long ago mentioning possible artificial source of COVID as a byproduct of gain-of-function research was a "baseless conspiracy theory", and you'd likely be banned for "misinformation" on social media.

jpeloquin2• 5 years ago

They need to pivot every so often to keep engagement up. If the facts haven't changed, the spin has to change.

tzs3• 5 years ago

Something that later turns out to be true can still be a baseless conspiracy theory if the people that believe it do so for the wrong reasons.

jasonladuke0311• 5 years ago

What are “the right reasons”?

AntiDyatlov4• 5 years ago

Science as currently practiced is an existential risk:

https://www.facebook.com/yudkowsky/posts/10159653334879228

systemvoltage• 5 years ago

Why aren't we discussing Gain-of-function risks more? It seems to be a few orders of magnitude more risky than nuclear disasters such as one in Fukushima and Chernobyl. If Sars-cov-2 was accidentally released from the Wuhan Lab, it has brought the entire world to its knees, trillions of dollars of damage, millions of lives lost and immeasurable impact to the society probably for many years to come. The only reason I am comparing with Nuclear disasters is not to diminish their risks, but to say that it gets disproportional media attention compared to something that until last year I've never heard of, i.e. "Gain of function" research on viruses.

I am almost angry and furious - why is this not discussed with 100x more media stories and scrutiny about what safeguards are in place, how level 5 biolabs are secured and what are the ways it can fail!?

Even if we have proven that it was not released from the Wuhan lab, the risks are still present and absolutely alarming.

AntiDyatlov4• 5 years ago

The world resembles Beirut in 2019 more than one would think.

skybrian• 5 years ago

I’m encouraged to see this article. There should be more public attention for efforts to make sure virus research safety protocols are good enough.

It seems likely that investigations into the origin of the pandemic will remain inconclusive, but hopefully safety can be improved anyway.

jpeloquin2• 5 years ago

One of the frustrating things about discussing gain of function research is the vague and inconsistent definitions in play. Does a discussion participant consider it to be any application of recombinant DNA/RNA to viable viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, etc.? Or only when the methods are expected to increase pathogenicity, and if so, by how much? Most everyone probably agrees that "the subset of research that enhances a pathogen to make it likely highly transmissible and virulent in humans (enhanced PPP)" [0] warrants either extreme caution or a straightforward ban, but the lower risk threshold that someone considers to demarcate ok / not ok just doesn't come across at all.

To illustrate that the definition is both broad and variable: "The term gain-of-function (GOF) research describes a type of research that modifies a biological agent so that it confers new or enhanced activity to that agent. Some scientists use the term broadly to refer to any such modification. However, not all research described as GOF entails the same level of risk. For example, research that involves the modification of bacteria to allow production of human insulin, or the altering of the genetic program of immune cells in CAR-T cell therapy to treat cancer generally would be considered low risk" [0]. It's also possible to modify the agent to make it safer while preserving other aspects that need to be studied. For example, creating a model virus that has no pathogenicity, but depends on the Covid spike protein for replication so it can be used to study receptor binding and vaccine evasion safely.

I wish we'd collectively chosen a clearer term, like "engineered potentially pandemic pathogenicity", that more closely matches our collective Covid-inspired concerns. Arguments about "gain of function" gives the dangerous stuff cover by mixing it together with innocuous experiments. Lack of clarity makes it easier to synthesize controversy, accidentally or intentionally, by mixing together statements about very different kinds of gain of function work. The Post says they identified 18 projects that "appeared to include gain-of-function experiments"—they should say exactly what risks those projects pose instead of leaving us with merely a vague and sinister implication.

[0] https://www.nih.gov/news-events/gain-function-research-invol...

feral3• 5 years ago

The idea that we do gain of function research in urban areas is mind boggling to me.

If someone told you they were working on experimental nuclear warheads, you'd think they were crazy if their lab was in a city.

But they experiment with dangerous pathogens in cities of millions of people, and the janitors go home to their families every evening.

I don't know whether covid escaped from a lab, and I don't know whether the benefits of GoF research outweighs the risks.

But if the research is so important, it should be done in the desert somewhere with a long quarantine period on exit.

I'm sure the appropriate labs are designed to never let the pathogens escape. Sure; when the stakes are this high, backstop it.

bbfjgktmnrnrn• 5 years ago

They were asked about this recently on This Week in Virology, the most important virology podcast.

They said that no scientist wants to work in a remote location, they want to have a city social life. Which is why these labs are typically located in million+ cities.

They also said that this is safe, because no pandemic to date started from a lab, and that eventually it will be proven that this pandemic is zoonotic too.

They also said that they do not understand why a year and a half in people keep on talking about this baseless conspiracy theory.

AntiDyatlov4• 5 years ago

Surely they don't believe the odds of GOF research producing a much more lethal pandemic than the one we're dealing with are 0%. At the same time, nobody ever showed that GOF research has benefits commensurate with the risks.

It would appear the virologists are not trustworthy.

feral3• 5 years ago

They said that no scientist wants to work in a remote location, they want to have a city social life. Which is why these labs are typically located in million+ cities.

Sounds honest, but selfish given how the most recent pandemic took out the 'city social lives' of hundreds of millions of non-virologists. Hard to understand the cost:benefit there.

They also said that this is safe, because no pandemic to date started from a lab,

That's got to be the least reassuring safety argument I have ever heard.

They also said that they do not understand why a year and a half in people keep on talking about this baseless conspiracy theory.

Kills millions directly; massive indirect costs; a year and a half later virologists don't understand that its a problem that we're not certain it didn't come from a lab.

Not an expert, but at these stakes, it makes it sound like there's no adults in charge.

thewakalix• 5 years ago

They also said that this is safe, because no pandemic to date started from a lab

Not quite the same order of magnitude, but a certain reaction comes to mind:

THAT IS NOT REASSURING! HAVEN'T YOU PEOPLE EVER HEARD OF THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE?

inglor_cz• 5 years ago

Technically, they are right. No pandemic ever started from a lab.

But the 2007 British foot and mouth disease outbreak indeed started from a lab. Fortunately this disease can be controlled fairly well as long as you are willing to slaughter anything in wide circles around the case clusters. So, no global pandemic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_foot-and-m...

A similar human disease would be much harder to stop.

sampo• 5 years ago

I don't know whether the benefits of GoF research outweighs the risks

It should be obvious now, that all the gain-of-function research done on coronaviruses didn't help at all with this pandemic. Gain-of-function researchers didn't contribute to vaccine development, vaccines were developed by different people.

throwawaysea• 5 years ago

It’s also not solely about the lab design. The people and the processes matter. In fact that’s one of the key issues with WIV - they performed GoF with SARS like coronaviruses at a lab with undertrained staff that didn’t understand safety protocols. This was documented by the Washington Post’s Josh Rogin before lab leak theory became a political football, and was known to the US state department a few years ago: https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/03/08/josh-rogin...

Borrible• 5 years ago

It's all fun and games until someone gets poked in the eye.

And tickling the Dragons Tail is great fun.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_core

You need people that like to have that kind of fun and don't really care about the risks.

Since they are underpaid in relation to the potential risk, a risk they absolutely know but don't care about, because its so small in their own calculations, you have to give them at least some incentives.

They don't do it just for the scientific fame or out of patriotism anymore.

And they are really bright guys and girls.

At least they were told.

They were selected for it.

Oh, of course they were also selected for following the security guidelines.

They are good boys and girls.

That helps them to hide the dangers from their conscience.

And none of them would ever doubt their own calculations or that of their superiors.

Everything is under control, nothing can happen, everything is safe.

We calculated at least twice.

Until an eye is poked out.

Or a lot of eyes.

And even if something happens, who cares about a few dozen or hundred expendables at most, in the long run?

I already said, it can't be more, because of our safety routines and our extremely bright guys and girls that we need to tickle the Dragons Tail.

Setting the labs up in population centers for other reasons, lab phase two?

Now come on, that is conspiracy theory and Resident Evil Science.

“The main thing that I learned about conspiracy theory, is that conspiracy theorists believe in a conspiracy because that is more comforting. The truth of the world is that it is actually chaotic. The truth is that it is not The Iluminati, or The Jewish Banking Conspiracy, or the Gray Alien Theory.

The truth is far more frightening - Nobody is in control.

The world is rudderless.” Alan Moore

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/662444-the-main-thing-that-...

But then again, only the paranoid survive and being paranoid doesn't mean, they are not after you.

;-)

A Science in the Shadows

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