You need to let the compiler know that there are at least 4 or 8 elements to process. This may require padding data and/or having a second loop after the main one that processes the remainder <4 or <8 elements.
You start the post with:
There is an opportunity to use SIMD. SIMD turns those into this: > for (8 byte chunk in bytes) { /* ... */ }
If you actually wrote that loop, there is a good chance the compiler (gcc specifically) will auto-vectorize.
In any case, the more manual SIMD optimizations I have seen require reworking the data altogether, not just processing N elements at a time. For example, instead of packing two 4-vectors into two registers to do a dot product, pack the XXXXs, YYYYs, etc. into 4 vectors and compute 4 dot products for the price of one. That not only requires having 4 vectors to process, but also thinking how exactly they are packed in registers.
I don't know why qurren is downvoted. You really should see if you can get the compiler to auto-vectorize first (possibly padding data structures and loops) before you write anything by hand.