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pratik661

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I think we are undercounting how much silt gets deposited by major river systems over millenia. The ruins of Lothal, which was a Harappan port city contemporary with Ur are pretty far inland as well. Who knows? Maybe Giza was closer to the coast and was part of a major Nilotic coastal metropolis

Rights to privately acquire land, create corporations, and sell across markets were extant across different civilizations throughout history.

The Chola merchant guilds had formalized corporate structures that dissipated the risk of long voyages 2000 years ago. Seeing that the Romans traded with the Cholas, the Romans probably had corporate structures too.

Humans have been living in complex societies since the Bronze Age. It’s difficult to run a complex society without some sort of bureaucratic organization.

India doesn’t produce a lot of consumer goods. However, there is a good chance that the lab equipment and chemicals used were manufactured there. For some reason, most drain caps in the US happen to come from scrap iron mills in India..

A good proxy for a party’s influence is how much declared assets they have. By that definition, there are regional parties like BSP that are better funded than INC. it’s safe to say that INC is a national party only nominally.

This is an empirically accurate assessment. The priorities of the Anglophone elite (which dominate the IAS and other parts of the admin) are divorced from the priorities of the rest of the country. This manifests in issues akin to what they call “structural racism “ in the US.

Ie: budgeting priorities; India over budgets IITs and other elite institutions over other colleges and primary education. This results in a system with excellent top universities, but a steep drop in educational quality in tier 2 institutions (and very low educational outcomes in public primary and secondary schools).

The government also focuses on agricultural price stability over farm income (ie banning agricultural exports during high prices).

One can argue that the popularity of Modi and the other regional satraps (with language based sub nationalism) is a result of this institutional bias. Imagine how you would vote if you couldn’t participate in the economy of your hometown because all the street signs/store names were in a language you couldn’t read.