othello

Would you have specific recommendations of such vendors?

Just a decade and a half as it turns out! (though things definitely felt dizzyingly fast back then - think Google was launched just 5 years after HTML)

- HTML first released in 1993

- AJAX in 1999

- Websocket first proposed in 2008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket

Barcelona has a 16,000 people per square km density - that’s already one of the highest in Europe.

https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/barcelona-pop....

We are already the densest OECD city by quite a margin! (22,000 per sqkm in the inner 20 district, twice that of Manhanttan and 3 times that of Tokyo - and still 8,600 in the Petite Couronne, which includes 8 million people)

That's incorrect, the Top 5 in econ are (in no particular order):

- Econometrica

- American Economic Review

- Quarterly Journal of Economics

- Journal of Political Economy

- Review of Economic Studies

https://archive.ph/8kuGI

Here’s a clickable link:

https://aureliensaussay.github.io/nightmares/climate_nightma...

It did not - the population inhabiting the current French territory had represented 20% of Europe's population quite consistently since medieval times. E.g. France numbered 19.7 million inhabitants as early as 1457 [1]

The population explosion that's discussed in the article (the population dividend of the demographic transition) just never happened in France - which is the whole point of why its relative standing dropped so much over the past two centuries compared to other hitherto much smaller countries such as England and Germany.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_France

Absolutely! Also “town” seems rather uncharitable as Marseille has been a city without interruption for the past 2600 years since it’s founding as Massalia by Greek colonists - making it almost as old as Rome. It’s home to 1.8 million today, and a beautiful place to visit!

[0] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Marseille

To enjoy modern standards of living, medium to high density urban arrangements are much less resource intensive than suburban sprawl, which the relevant comparison point.

The figure you quote, aggregated at the global level, entirely results from a comparison of city lifestyle with pre-industrial countryside lifestyles in developing countries. By contrast, living in the countryside or in suburbia in rich nations is much more environmentally damaging than in dense urban areas, which is what gp was referring to.

The impact of a tax is measured as a share of your income - if a tax represents a growing share of your income as you grow richer, it’s called progressive, otherwise it’s regressive (ie falls harder on the poor).

This is the case for consumption taxes in general and carbon taxation in particular. This is not contradictory with the fact that the top income decile emits more per capita in absolute than the lowest one.

This is especially manifest for gasoline consumption: richer households consume significantly more of it, but it represents less than 2-3% of their income, while it can reach more than 10% for poorer households.

Indeed, this can and should be offset with a full redistribution of the tax proceeds - either flat or targeted at lower income households - to compensate the inherent regressivity of carbon taxation.

Source: my PhD was on the distributional consequences of carbon pricing.

This is actually due to the inclusion of suburbs and exurbs in the “urban” category for US, Canada & Australia.

Half of the US population lives in the suburbs (see above posters). What we would recognize as a real urban environment only accounts for less than a third of the US population (98M people).

One really underappreciated aspect of R is that it's a lisp at heart. This enables the user (and enterprising package writer) to build really clean abstractions for the task at hand.

The tidyverse suite of Hadley Wickham is a great example of this, notably with the pipe operator %>% (similar to |> in F#) which is not part of the base language and yet could be very easily implemented. Julia's macros probably enables the same type of implementation, but I don't see how one would achieve it as easily in Python for example. Non-standard evaluation is another example of R's lispiness in action [0].

Also, consider how easy it is to walk R's S-exp. Expressions in R can only be one of four things: an atomic value, a name, a call or a pairlist. Wickham's Advanced R has a great intro on this [1].

I believe Wickham's amazing work with tidyverse (which really changes the way you code in R) is just the beginning of a rediscovery of R's inner lisp power, a kind of "R: the good parts" moment.

[0] http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Computing-on-the-language.html

[1] http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Expressions.html

In terms of loss of civilians and military personnel though, it does not compare: the Soviet Union accounted for more than 40% of all WW2 deaths (both civilian and military) worldwide - including deaths on the Pacific front.

The Soviet Union lost a total of 26.6 million people, or 13.8% of their 1939 population. Germany suffered tremendously as well of course, with 5.7 million dead, or 8.2% of their 1939 population [0].

This is obviously not a contest, and I'm sure we can all agree that the suffering was tremendous on all sides. However, when it comes to the perception of war in Russia, the fact that the brunt of the Allied war effort in terms of casualties was borne out by the Soviet Union during WW2 (a fact often little known or recognized in Western countries) is especially relevant.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties

I agree, but that measure compares Russia in 1917, before the Soviet Union, with Russia in 1991, which was 25% smaller.

The Soviet Union was indeed considerably larger than Russia had been since the 17th century.

The surprising fact here is that this can mostly be explained pretty well as the lessons of WW2 still being vivid in the memory of many countries...except that Russia suffered by far the most of any countries on the Western front, and still a majority there would fight a war for their own country.

The persistent glorification of Russia's role in WW2 (although historically justified) might have something to do with it. The amputation of a quarter of Russia's territory right after the end of the Cold War is also used to great effect by nationalists (just like Germany's territory was reduced, by the same proportion, in 1919 - with the same effects).

Even in Shibuya? That's interesting, because depending on the size of the apartment you consider middle-class, this would make it cheaper than Paris. Definitely not what I remember from living in Japan 10 years ago.

Has prices softened that much since then?

Here's a prettier one, very close to the digital version:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-MxGvtK2Bk

Shouldn't this be exactly the contrary? If you have 10 independent coin flips, the chance of getting 10 heads is < 0.1%, while if they are perfectly correlated, then it simply becomes 50%.

Having 10 independent causes of death going up simultaneously is very unlikely to be caused by random chance. Rather it's an indication of an external phenomenon influencing all causes simultaneously.

How about Paris to Marseille (775km vs 615km for LA to SF) in 3 hours 15 min, Paris to Bordeaux (584km) to be 2 hours by 2017, or Brussels to Lyon (734km) in 3 hours 43 min?

How did you get these first two customers?

This is pretty wrong. The view you describe arises from the complete renewal in the history of the Middle Ages that occurred from the 1950s onwards, and which established that the commonly called "Dark Ages" weren't so dark after all.

But that's not to say that there wasn't a precipitous drop in life quality after the end of the Roman Empire. Recent archeological finds have improved our understanding of the details of Roman daily life way beyond what we used to know even thirty years ago.

For a good and accessible overview of the latest finds in Roman archeology, I'd recommend "The Fall of the Roman Empire and the End of Civilization" by archeologist and historian Bryan Ward Perkins.

He highlights how much the Roman world had in common with our own period, most notably in terms of mass production of standardized goods (e.g. pottery), integration and specialization of local economies in a globalized market throughout the Empire.

The breakdown of this Empire-wide integration led to a dramatic decline in standards of living. To take just two examples extracted from the book:

- pottery finds in Britain reveal that before the Roman conquest, the vessels commonly used were all locally produced and of average quality. The integration in the Empire brought the mass-produced, standardized, high quality Roman pottery into the British economy, so much so that all levels of society had access to it (as illustrated by the archeological finds). This competition drove the British pottery industry out of the market, to the extent that by the time the Romans had to abandon Britain, there was no significant pottery production on the British isles anymore. The outcome is that the potteries found in the tombs of the first Anglo-Saxon kings are of a much poorer quality than those of the British peasants five centuries earlier - to say nothing of the Roman-made pottery a hundred years before.

- In the Roman Empire, thanks to mass production of roof tiles, almost every house had roofs made of clay tiles. This provides a host of benefits, notably in terms of durability and improved health thanks to increased insulation from humidity. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, European housebuilding went back to starch roofs - which in addition to be a poor way to protect yourself from rain or humidity can be a breeding ground for diseases and pests. It wasn't until the late 15th century that the prevalence of tiled roofs reached an extent comparable to that of the Roman world more than a millennia earlier.

I really recommend this book, it shows how the past 15 years of archeological finds have illuminated how close the Roman society was to a sort of proto-consumer society; and how much was lost when it disappeared.

How far do you sit from the display ? Do you simply use it as a substitute for a multiple-display setup or do you sit further away from the screen?

The 1.2 million deaths per year figure was for the entire world.

Actually two of the 20 districts of inner Paris (the "arrondissements"), which you describe as a "historical preservation district writ large", are more densely populated than any districts in any Western city - except for Manhattan Community Board 8 and 2 districts in Spain [1].

The 11th and the 20th arrondissement both house more than 40,000 people per km2 (104,000 per sq mile), which is denser than any district of Tokyo by the way. If that's not dense, I don't know what is.

Incidentally, the 11th is not cheap in any way: buying a flat there will set you back 9000 to 9500€ per sqm ($1200 to $1270 per sqft) [2].

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_districts_by_popul...

[2] http://parispropertygroup.com/blog/2012/real-estate-prices-p...

I agree that this table is a bit confusing ;)

Actually, residential energy consumption is expressed in final energy terms. This is the actual consumption by end-users of energy carriers (e.g. electricity, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, etc...). The sum of all these end-use consumption is the Total Final Consumption (or TFC).

This is to be distinguished from primary energy sources (crude oil, coal, natural gas, etc...), which are used to produce the energy carriers that end-users consume (e.g. in a power plant to produce electricity, or in a refinery to produce gasoline). The sum of all primary energy sources consumption is the Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES).

Since residential energy consumption is reported in final terms, the correct denominator to calculate the share you were looking for is TFC. Residential energy consumption thus accounts for 17.9% of TFC, versus 17.7% for industry.

The non-residential sector is denominated in IEA terminology as 'Commercial and Public Services'. This sector encompasses office buildings, hotels & restaurants, education & research, hospital & healthcare, sports facilities and public administrations. In short, buildings that house the tertiary sector. Therefore it can't be identified at all with the industry (btw industrial buildings consumption are accounted for in the 'industry' sector).

In total, residential and non-residential buildings account for 32% of TFC in the US, second only to transport (39.5%).

Disclosure: I've worked as an analyst at the IEA for 4 years.

Obviously, that's right. I was just pointing out that in the aggregate, improvements to energy efficiency in the residential sector are not a "tiny, tiny drop" vis-a-vis industry as the GP was implying.

And it's also true that residential lighting is not a big energy consumer, even though it still represents close to 10% of US electricity use (not of overall energy use, of course).

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication...

This is actually a common misconception: in the US (as in most OECD countries), households consume slightly more energy than the industry.

As a case in point, in 2009, industry consumed 256 million tons of oil equivalent, versus 262 mtoe for the residential sector (ie households).

http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=US

I'm almost sure it was taken at the Grand Palais.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palais

Those $8.1 million did not come from Youtube advertisement: according to the original AP article, only $870,000 did.

https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jlcpd0qGl...

This estimate seems to be based on views for all of PSY's channel, i.e. 1.3 billion views. That works out as a $0.7 eCPM, which seems more credible than the $8 floated below in this thread.