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maxnoe

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The square root of -1 doesn't correspond to any quantity you could count or measure directly (you can't have negative one apple, for instance)

That must be the worst explanation of complex numbers I ever read. It's not even remotely connected.

Unix time does not count elapsed seconds in real time since 1970-01-01T00:00:00, this is a common misconception.

Unix time assumes a fixed number of seconds per day. 86400. If a leap second is inserted, either end of June or end of December, the day is 86401 seconds long.

There are different implementations for how your Unix time will behave 24 hours before to 24 hours after the leap second. A timestamp might just repeat during the leap second or the system changes the length of a second in a time range around the leap second introduction to make up the difference. This is called smearing.

A simple example is the elapsed time between these two timestamps:

    2016-12-31 23:59:50
    2017-01-01 00:00:10
Unix time differs by 20 seconds (assuming the system/library doesn't use smearing). But actually elapsed time is 21 seconds, since
    2016-12-31 23:59:60
was the last added leap second. This timestamp cannot be represented by Unix time (again assuming no smearing, with smearing you could).

No, the current rules are being relaxed because with the current ones, a negative leap second _might_ happen in the near future.

It did not happen yet. No negative leap second that should have been inserted was skipped.

See this chart here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUT1#/media/File:Leapsecond.ut...

You can see the the positive leap seconds as jumps upward once the graph reaches around -0.5 s.

We were never close to reaching +0.5 seconds with a positive trend and we are still relatively far away from that.

Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, we detect optical light emitted by high energy particle Cascades in the atmosphere to observe cosmic gamma radiation.

The particles need the atmosphere to interact, Cherenkov light is only emitted in an optical medium and because it's optical light we measure we are affected by satellites. Not as strongly as optical telescopes though, because the air showers last for only tens of nanoseconds.

Our telescopes actually need the (or at least an) atmosphere to function.

There are some classes of observatories, which you cannot build in space but which are still affected by satellites to some degree.

Science never proves a positive.

You can only disprove.

The only way to prove a positive if there is a finite number of possibilities and you have disproven all but one. But even then, someone could conceivably come up with an alternate description that preserves the current understanding but makes additional predictions or is a simpler model making the same.

As Feyman said: "We can never know if we are right, we can only be certain if we are wrong".