billmalarky

Yes -- definitely that's the value prop. But it's not binary all or nothing.

AI automation is about trust (honestly, same as human delegation).

You give it access to a little bit of data, just enough to do a basic useful thing or two, then you give it a bit of responsibility.

Then as you build confidence and trust, you give it a little more access, and allow it to take on a little more responsibility. Naturally, if it blows up in your face, you dial back access and responsibility quick.

As an analogy, folks drive their cars on the highway at 65-85+ MPH. Fatality rate goes up somewhat exponentially with speed and anything 60+ is considerably more deadly than ~30mph.

We're all so confident that a wheel won't randomly fall off because we've built so much trust with the quality of modern automobiles. But it does happen (I had a friend in high-school who's wheel popped off on a 45 mph road -- naturally he was going 50-55 IIRC).

In the early 1900s people would have thought you had a death wish to drive this fast. 25-30mph was normal then -- the automobiles at the time just weren't developed enough to be trusted at higher speeds.

My previous comment was about the fact that it is possible to build this sandboxing/bastion layer with live web accounts that allows for fine grained control over how much data you want to expose to the ai.

Bastion hosts.

You don't give it your "prod email", you give it a secondary email you created specifically for it.

You don't give it your "prod Paypal", you create a secondary paypal (perhaps a paypal account registered using the same email as the secondary email you gave it).

You don't give it your "prod bank checking account", you spin up a new checking with Discover.com (or any other online back that takes <5min to create a new checking account). With online banking it is fairly straightforward to set up fully-sandboxed financial accounts. You can, for example, set up one-way flows from your "prod checking account" to your "bastion checking account." Where prod can push/pull cash to the bastion checking, but the bastion cannot push/pull (or even see) the prod checking acct. The "permissions" logic that supports this is handled by the Nacha network (which governs how ACH transfers can flow). Banks cannot... ignore the permissions... they quickly (immediately) lose their ability to legally operate as a bank if they do...

Now then, I'm not trying to handwave away the serious challenges associated with this technology. There's also the threat of reputational risks etc since it is operating as your agent -- heck potentially even legal risk if things get into the realm of "oops this thing accidentally committed financial fraud."

I'm simply saying that the idea of least privileged permissions applies to online accounts as well as everything else.

Hi Kypro this is very interesting perspective. Can you reach out to me? I'd like to discuss what you're observing with you a bit in private as it relates heavily to a project I'm currently working on. My contact info is on my profile. Pls shoot me a connection request and just say you're kypro from HN :)

Or is there a good way for me to contact you? Your profile doesn't list anything and your handle doesn't seem to have much of an online footprint.

Lastly, I promise I'm not some weirdo, I'm a realperson™ -- just check my HN comment history. A lot of people in the AI community have met me in person and can confirm (swyx etc).

Look forward to chatting!

Ah, I probably should have listed some of the "assumptions" I'm developing it on top of:

1) Regarding the "generation is how learning occurs" claim, I'm going off of this:

https://www.learningscientists.org/blog/2024/3/7/how-does-re...

Granted, that article refers to retrieval specifically being one major way we learn, and of course learning incorporates many dimensions. But it seems a bit self-evident that retrieval occurs heavily during active problem solving (ie "generation"), and less so during passive learning (ie: just reading/consuming info).

From personal experience, I always noticed I learned much more by doing than by consuming documentation alone.

But yes, I admit this assumption and my own personal experience/bias is doing a lot of heavy lifting for me...

2) Regarding the "optimal AI productivity process" (AI Generates > Human Validates > Loop)

I'm using Karpathy's productivity loop described in his AI startup school talk last month here:

https://youtu.be/LCEmiRjPEtQ?t=1327

Does this help make it more concrete Swyx (name dropping you here since I'm pretty sure you've got a social listener set for your handle ;)? Love to hear your thoughts straight from the hip based on your own personal experiences.

Full disclosure: I'm not trying to get too academic about this. In all honestly I'm really trying to get to an informal theory that's useful and practical enough that it can be turned into a regular business process for rapid professional development.

Hi Swyx I always appreciate your insights, something you wrote really resonated with a personal theory I've been developing:

"While I never use AI for personal writing (because I have a strong belief in writing to think)"

The optimal AI productivity process is starting to look like:

AI Generates > Human Validates > Loop

Yet cognitive generation is how humans learn and develop cognitive strength, as well as how they maintain such strength.

Similar to how physical activity is how muscles/bone density/etc grow, and how body tissues maintain.

Physical technology freed us from hard physical labor that kept our bodies in shape -- at a cost of physical atrophy.

AI seems to have a similar effect for our minds. AI will accelerate our cognitive productivity, and allow for cognitive convenience -- at a cost of cognitive atrophy.

At present we must be intentional about building/maintaining physical strength (dedicated strength training, cardio, etc).

Soon we will need to be intentional about building/maintaining cognitive strength.

I suspect the workday/week of the future will be split on AI-on-a-leash work for optimal productivity, with carve-outs for dedicated AI-enhanced-learning solely for building/maintaining cognitive health (where productivity is not the goal, building/maintaining cognition is). Similar to how we carve out time for working out.

What are your thoughts on this? Based on what you wrote above, it seems you have similar feelings?

Is there a name for this theory?

If not can you coin one? You're great at that :)

word ;)

Search tool calling is RAG. Maybe we should call it a "RAG Agent" to be more en vogue heh. But RAG is not just similarity search on embeddings in vector DBs. RAG is any type of a retrieval + context injection step prior to inference.

Heck, the RAG Agent could run cosign diff on your vector db in addition to grep, FTS queries, KB api calls, whatever, to do wide recall (candidate generation) then rerank (relevance prioritization) all the results.

You are probably correct that for most use cases search tool calling makes more practical sense than embeddings similarity search to power RAG.

I built a distributed software engineering firm pre-covid, so all of our clients were onsite even though we were full-remote. My engineers plugged into the engineering teams of our clients, so it's not like we were building on the side and just handing over deliverables, we had to fully integrate into the client teams.

So we had to solve this problem pre-covid, and the solution remained the same during the pandemic when every org went full remote (at least temporarily).

There is no "one size fits all approach" because each engineer is different. We had dozens of engineers on our team, and you learn that people are very diverse in how they think/operate.

But we came up with a framework that was really successful.

1) Good faith is required: you mention personnel abusing time/trust, that's a different issue entirely, no framework will be successful if people refuse to comply. This system only works if teammates trust the person. Terminate someone who can't be trusted.

2) "Know thyself": Many engineers wouldn't necessarily even know how THEY operated best (if they needed large chunks of focus time, or were fine multi-tasking, etc). We'd have them make a best guess when onboarding and then iterate and update as they figured out how they worked best.

3) Proactively Propagate Communication Standard: Most engineers would want large chunks of uninterrupted focus time, so we would tell them to EXPLICITLY tell their teammates or any other stakeholders WHEN they would be focusing and unresponsive (standardize it via schedule), and WHY (ie sell the idea). Bad feelings or optics are ALWAYS simply a matter of miscommunication so long as good faith exists. We'd also have them explain "escalation patterns", ie "if something is truly urgent, DM me on slack a few times and finally, call my phone."

4) Set comms status: Really this is just slack/teams. but basically as a soft reminder to stakeholders, set your slack status to "heads down building" or something so people remember that you aren't available due to focus time. It's really easy to sync slack status to calendar blocks to automate this.

We also found that breaking the day into async task time and sync task time really helped optimize. Async tasks are tasks that can get completed in small chunks of time like code review, checking email, slack, etc. These might be large time sinks in aggregate, but generally you can break into small time blocks and still be successful. We would have people set up their day so all the async tasks would be done when they are already paying a context switching cost. IE, scheduled agile cadence meetings etc. If you're doing a standup meeting, you're already gonna be knocked out of flow so might as well use this time to also do PR review, async comms, etc. Naturally we had people stack their meetings when possible instead of pepper throughout the day (more on how this was accomplished below).

Anyways, sometimes when an engineer of ours joined a new team, there might be a political challenge in not fitting into the existing "mold" of how that team communicated (if that team's comm standard didn't jive with our engineer's). This quickly resolved every single time when our engineer was proven out to be much more productive/effective than the existing engineers (who were kneecapped by the terrible distracting existing standard of meetings, constant slack interruptions, etc). We would even go as far as to tell stakeholders our engineers would not be attending less important meetings (not immediately, once we had already proven ourselves a bit). The optics around this weren't great at first, but again, our engineers would start 1.5-2X'ing productivity of the in-house engineers, and political issues melt away very quickly.

TL;DR - Operate in good faith, decide your own best communication standard, propagate the standard out to your stakeholders explicitly, deliver and people will respect you and also your comms standard.

I've been lucky enough to have a few conversations with Scott a month or so ago and he is doing some really compelling work around the AISDLC and creating a factory line approach to building software. Seriously folks, I recommend following this guy closely.

There's another guy in this space I know who's doing similar incredible things but he doesn't really speak about it publicly so don't want to discuss w/o his permission. I'm happy to make an introduction for those interested just hmu (check my profile for how).

Really excited to see you on the FP of HN Scott!

^ this guy knows Jobs To Be Done theory ;)

For those who don't, reading "Competing Against Luck" by Clayton Christensen will dramatically improve your ability to create successful products/services.

Yes. Absolutely it is. For different workloads it is an insanely effective tool.

Hi Paul, been following the aider project for about a year now to develop an understanding of how to build SWE agents.

I was at the AI Engineering Summit in NYC last week and met an (extremely senior) staff ai engineer doing somewhat unbelievable things with aider. Shocking things tbh.

Is there a good way to share stories about real-world aider projects like this with you directly (if I can get approval from him)? Not sure posting on public forum is appropriate but I think you would be really interested to hear how people are using this tool at the edge.

Hey! this is exciting to see! Hi Earl and Oisin! (I've had the pleasure of meeting Earl and Oisin face to face a few times. Really friendly and smart guys, fwiw based on my convos they are very serious about building a compelling product, excited to see it on hn!)

You find issues when they surface during your actual use case (and by "smoke testing" around your real-world use case). You can often "fix" issues in the base model with additional training (supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning w/ DPO, etc).

There's a lot of tooling out there making this accessible to someone with a solid full-stack engineering background.

Training an LLM from scratch is a different beast, but that knowledge honestly isn't too practical for everyday engineers given even if you had the knowledge you wouldn't necessarily have the resources necessary to train a competitive model. Of course you could command a high salary working for the orgs who do have these resources! One caveat is there are orgs doing serious post-training even with unsupervised techniques to take a base model and reeaaaaaally bake in domain-specific knowledge/context. Honestly I wonder if even that is unaccessible to pull off. You get a lot of wiggle-room and margin for error when post-training a well-built base model because of transfer learning.

This post is using regression to build a reward model. The reward model will then be used (in a future post) to build the overall RL system.

Here's the relevant text from the article:

In this post we’ll discuss how to build a reward model that can predict the upvote count that a specific HN story will get. And in follow-up posts in this series, we’ll use that reward model along with reinforcement learning to create a model that can write high-value HN stories!

Hey HN! I've been working on a series capturing the industry best practices in producing fine-tuned LLMs. Our first post covered training data preparation, and for this one we'll be talking about how to select your base model and hyperparameters, covering both closed and open models as well as models of different sizes. This was created in collaboration with Kyle Corbitt at OpenPipe (kcorbitt) who will be in the comments as well!

We cover:

- Proprietary (well mainly OpenAI) vs open source models: OAI has really great performance w/ relatively small training datasets but you hit a ceiling on max performance sooner than you do w/ open source models. We're not sure exactly what drives this, but it very well could be that OAI has made some technical decisions under the hood that leans towards this "Red Mage" approach in order to serve a broader audience (ie users w/ less training data).

- Large vs Small Models: Main thing is larger models typically let you "get away" with less training data all things equal. But where possible you want to deploy the smallest model that achieves acceptable performance in prod. Smaller is less "costly" across a variety of dimensions (not just price).

- Hyperparameter Tuning: We cover this in some detail for those who are curious, but to be frank hparam tuning is generally not a high ROI use of your engineering time. Plow that time into dataset curation instead :)

Hope this is useful for folks! Happy to answer questions here (and hope to learn something new too)

I recently interviewed Kyle Corbitt (YC23 Founder) who has been deeply involved in the LLM fine-tuning space the last couple years. Much like with pre-training models, most of the performance gains ultimately delivered from a fine-tuned model occur as a result of well planned and executed training data curation.

I whipped up this article sharing important best practices patterns that have emerged in Kyle's experience observing the fine-tuning of thousands of models across a wide variety of downstream tasks. Some validate long-held understandings in the space, others were quite surprising to me (especially the sample efficiency of modern SOTA LLMs!)

Hope sharing this knowledge helps someone out there! And please share additional insight you have in comments so I can learn even more about this topic.

Greatly appreciate the suggestion! but I recently joined another YC backed Gen AI startup in the fine-tuning space (OpenPipe) :-D

Speaking of, there's a good chance fine tuned models will be a component of your fully-optimized codebase -> wiki automation process at some point in the future. Likely to increase consistency/reliability of LLM responses as clear patterns start to emerge in the process. If y'all decide to layer that on or even explore it as an optimization strategy hit us (or me directly) up. We love collaborating w/ engineers working on problems at the edge like this, aside from how engaging the problems themselves are, it also helps us build our best possible product too!

Very excited to follow your journey! just sent you a LI request.

Thanks again so much for sharing your wisdom!

Do you build a syntax tree of the code, then loop the tree to auto-write an article for each node (or the larger or more material nodes) and then also reference the tree to pull in related nodes/pieces/modules/whatnot of the codebase when auto-writing a documentation article for each node?

This is fascinating thank you

Can you share some basic insight into how your system processes an open source repo to generate a wiki with a hierarchy and structure that maps to the same or similar hierarchy and structure of the codebase?

I can understand the value of marrying that wiki to the codebase and how that would help LLM's better "understand" the codebase.

What I'm lost on is how you can auto-generate that wiki in the first place (in a high quality way). I presume it's not perfect, but a very interesting problem space and would love to hear what you've learned and what you are trying to accomplish this feat!

Thanks for posting btw, this HN comments section has been INCREDIBLE.

Founding AI Engineer at OpenPipe here, using a fine tuned "router LLM" to route between various specialized (inc fine tuned but not necessarily) applied models depending on the input is becoming a common pattern in more modern "graph like" LLM applications.

See LangGraph's "conditional edges" concept here: https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/concepts/low_level/...

You can see how that "routing function" could include a call to a "Router LLM." And yes, fine tuning is a great method to better improve the routing intelligence of said Router LLM.

Great question btw!

Hi Richard I just reached out to you on LI. I'd love to get a chance to chat with you about your experience with this. Thank you for sharing this is fascinating.

Is there a way I can connect with you off HN? I'm a student of design/innovation though my background is in engineering. I'd love to be able to learn from you from time to time.

First, start with the M, not the P.

Well said! This is basically the linchpin behind the Jobs to be Done theory commonly attributed to Clayton Christensen (many thought leaders developed the theory over the years which he credits, but Clay seemed to be the leader of the group).

The premise of Clay's book "Competing Against Luck" is about this JTBD theory (he also calls "Jobs Theory") which aims to surface the fundamental causality of customer purchase behavior, which allows you to build your solution such that it aligns directly with that behavior instead of all the abstractions and manifestations of that behavior that are often red herrings (ie: pointless features, solutions that in reality not aligned but this is not obvious, etc).

Ultimately, Jobs Theory is an approach that that aims to objectively lower risk around innovation. It teaches you to think of customer needs/objectives independently from solutions/technologies, so that it's more natural to innovate to serve the ultimate need rather than compete against preexisting solutions or be misled by customers who are not often able to articulate (or they may not even consciously know what drove their behavior -- it can be very complex) what a better solution for them would be and as such will just mislead you.

Instead of taking shots in the dark, you build better solutions around preexisting needs (more accurately called "jobs" in JTBD Theory, and it isn't just semantics).

Apologies for nerding out on a topic you probably already know well but I figured I'd add to the conversation for others who might be interested. I really love JTBD. It helps solve imo the single hardest problem around startups -- product/market fit.

Read Competing Against Luck folks!

Fair, but I'd still like to learn from ya ;-)

If I shoot you an email and you aren't interested, please just archive it. But if you're in the teaching mood I'd love to be your student for 30 min :D

Hi Max, I'm unaffiliated w/ langchain, but happen to be friends w/ Harrison. He's a very genuine person who authentically desires continuous improvement of LC's tech. Would you be open to hopping on a call some time to discuss how you might make such tech better? I have read your grievances and they're fair enough so what I'd love to hear are your solutions -- that is your honest thoughts on what you think a best-practices AI Framework would look like at a high level (what framework features to emphasize/invest in, what to downplay as nice-to-have-not-need-to-have, etc). Naturally I'd also be curious to hear about how you might evolve LC to achieve your vision, that said even just hearing your architectural/design thoughts would be great. As you mention this is a rapidly developing space where best practices haven't fully converged, so would love to tap your knowledge accordingly. lmk if it's ok to reach out and I'll email you.

That's not a fair statement though. There is also the war in Europe, and the covid pandemic is not a solved problem, especially in China.

There are many more serious factors than simply a rate increase, each of which alone could lead to a recession, all of which come close to guaranteeing one.

There is no such thing as the "perfect" partner if the definition of "perfect" means "perfect compatibility."

Even if there were perfect compatibility (which would really just be extending solipsism to one's relationship), the only constant in life is change. Thus one might be "perfectly compatible" with another person in a small snapshot of time in which they enter into a marriage. Then every single day and every single change threatens that compatibility. It's a fragile house of cards to build a longterm relationship around.

Serious question, why would you not? It's designed to be incredibly convenient and the trades are zero commission. Why not use Robinhood to buy and hold, if you're just making simple plays (buying ETFs etc) and don't need high performance (ie executed immediately etc) trades?

From the article:

Reddit Inc. said it averaged 52 million daily active users in October, up 44% from the same month a year earlier

The redesign launched in 2018, so I'd say yes, the general public greatly prefers the redesign if they had almost 50% growth last year. Could there be other factors? Sure. But Occam's razor is a solid argument in this context imo.