Ask HN: How IO Works?

I want to learn how I/O works in a reasonable detail.

For instance, when I want to do something with a disk, IIRC, things that get involved are

- Kernel / OS calls (maybe we can skip this) - File System - MBR / GPT - Random v/ Sequential calls

I want to understand what happens in each level. Is there anything I can read to gain understanding of all of these areas?