Modern Microprocessors: A 90 Minute Guide

http://www.lighterra.com/papers/modernmicroprocessors/

by tizoc • 15 years ago

283 30 15 years ago

lighterra.com

frou_dh2• 15 years ago

There's also a book from an Ars Technica guy covering modern processors in an approachable way:

Inside the Machine: An Illustrated Introduction to Microprocessors and Computer Architecture

http://nostarch.com/insidemachine.htm

raju• 15 years ago

That looks like a great book. Just ordered it from my library.

_delirium• 15 years ago

I'll add another vote for it. It's a well-done entry in the sparsely populated but useful genre of fairly-but-not-too-technical computer books. Less technical than a book on computer architecture intended for a computer engineer; but more technical than the almost insultingly introductory "how your computer works!" type of books.

scott_s2• 15 years ago

Skimmed it. It seems to be a summary of the contents of a graduate level course in computer architecture - which I think is a good thing. If that's a topic you're unfamiliar with, this looks like a good place to start.

jimmyjim• 15 years ago

> It seems to be a summary of the contents of a graduate level course in computer architecture

Graduate level? It was in my second year 'computer architecture' class, except in much more grueling detail. But I was a CE major, so that's that... (however, I recall I had many SE's and EE's in that class too).

kd0amg3• 15 years ago

It was in my second year 'computer architecture' class, except in much more grueling detail.

How much more? There are quite a few topics here that weren't covered in my introductory architecture course (e.g. speculation, VLIW, register renaming), though they were in the senior-level one.

sliverstorm2• 15 years ago

Yea, any good intro to architecture should cover all this. I haven't yet taken any grad level architecture, but I suspect grad level is mostly "how do we actually do this stuff" instead of "here's what we do"

scott_s2• 15 years ago

I was a computer science student in undergrad and grad school. None of the CS undergrad curriculums I was involved with (either as a student or as a TA) had this level of architecture for undergrad CS majors.

For the record, my grad class used Hennessy and Patterson (http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Quantitative-App...). Also, I think that "summary" should indicate that the real thing will have "much more grueling detail."

dfox• 15 years ago

The thing that seems to me as missing from this (and most similar materials) is at least some discussion of how control logic for any of these RISC-like datapaths looks like in hardware. In my experience many people expect lot of complexity and magic in that and then are surprised by it being significantly simpler.

wtallis• 15 years ago

Seems like a great summary, but it should probably be expanded to cover a few things that really matter these days but were beyond the scope of the article originally.

It really doesn't explain much that is relevant to how SMP is done, but there's been a lot of interesting architectural progress there: The point-to-point HyperTransport links and on-die memory controller were the two biggest advantages the Opteron initially had over contemporaneous Xeons that used a shared front side bus connected to a memory controller in the Northbridge, but it also meant bring the complexities of NUMA to mainstream systems. Intel's first Dual-Core CPUs were also just two P4s sharing a socket, which was less effective than later designs that that had shared L2 and L3 caches.

I'd also like to see a bit more about GPUs, as they use a different mix of techniques (many cores, in-order, but also VLIW) and have quite different memory and cache systems (eg. ring buses, directly controllable global/local/constant memory regions).

br1• 15 years ago

Great article. At first it seems to match the computer architecture course, but at least my professor didn't give fine detail like that hyper-threading had a 10% logic overhead.

rch• 15 years ago

Just for comparison: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-comput...

Luyt2• 15 years ago

It could have been a 75-minute guide if the text had better contrast. Dark grey on light gray makes it more difficult to read.

asymptotic• 15 years ago

Readability works on the page: https://www.readability.com/bookmarklets

Luyt2• 15 years ago

Awesome! Thanks for the tip. Readability also comes as a FireFox AddOn.

gcb• 15 years ago

Modern design. The 0.90 seconds guide:

Do not use light colors on white background.

Ok, more that we took that out of the way lets read tyre fine article

ck2• 15 years ago

I enjoyed that, though a bit was still over my head.

I like how a 500mhz ARM cpu is as fast as a 1.6ghz Atom

http://www.lighterra.com/papers/modernmicroprocessors/braini...

http://www.osnews.com/story/22704/Intel_Atom_vs_ARM_Cortex-A...

High-end smartphones by the end of this year will be more powerful than many netbooks.

pmjordan• 15 years ago

I like how a 500mhz ARM cpu is as fast as a 1.6ghz Atom

Those pages don't actually give any evidence of that, just marketing talk. From what I've seen, the current crop of tablet ARM CPUs (dual core, ~1GHz) gets close but doesn't beat a single-core Atom.

kelnos• 15 years ago

Really good read. I graduated from an ECE program (with a focus on VLSI and comp arch) in 2003, but went straight to software after that, so this was a great refresher for me, as well as explaining some of the newer stuff that hadn't been in use then. I especially liked how he explained how caches work, and the different types (direct-mapped vs. n-way associative). I remember it took me a while back in school to really grok caching, but the explanation here was clearer than anything I ever saw in class.

Overall I was most impressed by the discussions of the pros and cons of each of the designs and the various tradeoffs involved. Often the "why did they do it this way?" is left out.

Heh, perhaps I just read it faster because I have some familiarity already, but I got through it in about 45 minutes.

nitfol• 15 years ago

The article confuses "exponentially" and "quadratically":

scales roughly quadratically with the issue-width. That is, the dispatch logic of a 5-issue processor is twice as big as a 4-issue design, with 6-issue being 4 times as big, 7-issue 8 times and so on

Searching online, it seems that quadratically is correct; the explanation of "quadratically" is the mistake.

Symmetry• 15 years ago

I'm not sure I really agree with everything in his "Brainiacs vs Speed demons" chart. For instance, Power7s generally have higher performance than thread than 'Cores i's, and have about the same ILP. And given that Power7 is 4-way SMP instead of 2-way SMP like the Intel processors I'm not sure why the 'Core i's are listed as being more brainaiacish.

EDIT: reference: http://www.realworldtech.com/page.cfm?ArticleID=RWT040511235...

aidenn0• 15 years ago

Okay, this was all in my undergrad computer architecture course from about 7 years ago. Of course we used a book co-authored by Patterson, so maybe that's why.

Modern Microprocessors: A 90 Minute Guide

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