A couple things:
First to the authors question regarding a similar profession - It would seem to me that actual musicians and performers would fall into this category. I haven't seen any definitive measure for identifying an actual Rockstar, or a Rockstar Actor (to use the same vernacular), or Comedian. I don't think salary alone would identify this type of person, since its highly a highly subjective area that are influenced by personal tastes.
I think software shares this as well. What makes a good piece of software? Moreover, what makes a good software developer? Is it ingenuity and intellect? Or is it somebody who is content with the more mundane aspects of a software project, isn't going to write a new Graph API, but consistently and methodically develops clean and working code? In a theoretical scenario - lets say a single guy was responsible for all of the Bash scripting that went into the Init system millions of servers use today. There's nothing cutting edge in those things, its a lot of "start this, then this, and if this happens call this" type of linear design. Would he qualify as a "Rockstar" based on the fact that millions of people rely on his scripts to start machines up? Is he worth more to a potential employer than, say, John Carmack if your developing/supporting a Software as a Service platform?
I've been seeing a lot of articles exploring the Rockstar complex in the past year or so, which makes me think its more or less an invention of marketing than an underlying trend in the industry. Its basically asking "Are there software developers who are insanely good at writing code to solve problems?" The answer is yes - I dont think it merits scientific inquiry.
But there's a more interesting question for me that nobody seems to address; Why the sudden fascination (demand?) for "Rockstars" in development? In my personal experience it seems to be because of a (false) perception that people who write good code are hard to find. And even when you have somebody writing good code, because of the abstract nature of the work, its difficult to deliver something quantitative and tangible on a consistent basis.
I think one huge failure of the industry so far has been to agree on even a basic set of what would qualify somebody to work professionally in it. If I'm a civil engineer, no matter how brilliant I might be, or what my pet projects look like, there's no way in hell i'm getting around a municipal project or getting a contract to build a bridge for a city without at least a PE certification.
Why doesn't something similar exist for programming? It would make sense given that programmers are responsible for things like Air Traffic Control systems, Automated dosing of drugs in hospitals, and a lot of "mission critical" systems that impact millions of people.