HN user
Change job if you can looking for smarter colleagues and/or just reflect what are your priorities: you do not need to carry all the responsibility in your shoulders. You have room to give more time to your health, for example, and still be a good contribution to the team. You do not need to do it all. For what you say this change will not come natural to you and you will need some discipline. Just start and see how it feels.
Think on the feedback received in a constructuve manner for what it might contain of value but do not let it undermine your confidence. Use it to get better.
Many of us will receive undeserved negative feedback at some point in our career. Receiving at the start of it, it is just harder to take it but use it to grow. This is one more thing to learn.
I must say that your managers seems pretty rubbish for many things: conducting this meeting wihtout your manager in the room, unloading his fustrations on you and apparent lack of steering.
Whether to leave or not: do not fight it as they are part and judge so you will not win. But have an open conversation what this means. Do not overreact but do not ignore it neither. And be cool, your present job have great things on it but there are many others.
Clearly you have moved to a better league and your performance has dropped because of it. It does not mean you cannot improve and cover that gap. Maybe just because of your environment or background you have missed exposure to learn what you now see you are missing. Now that you see what you are missing go and fix it. Knowing what you lack is a good first step.
Do not give up so early thinking on changing roles unless this is what you want to do. And notice that PM requieres a different set of skills. I even dare to say that the knolwedge gap could be bigger moving to a bigger company and in the way taking a new PM role. And learning PM without experiencing the role is even more difficult.
If I were you I will get a good book or on-line course and work on it on the side. Go to the sylabus of some good university course or some online course of the same sort and get some funcdamentals of computer science on algorithms and data structures. It might take you a number of months but you will enjoy and learn from the begining. The type of mistakes you say you did in that first role are pointing that you need some fundamentals.
For project at work I use one Excel. One Excel for each different project. One single file makes later on very easy to search for key words or filter on columns. While I reuse part of the template for new projects the set of columns is usually new in each project but at least I always have columns for: follow up; who/with who to follow up, creation date, event (meeting, call, etc) deadline -only if hard deadline. It grows about 100 lines a week. In addition I have a long check list (another Excel) with all the things I need to do. Short sentences for each task. File is always open in my laptop and anything comes to my mind goes there and give me the required headspace. Usually I start my day having a quick look and selecting a few things to do in the day. So two Excels for each project. Yes, there is a bit of duplication between them but it is ok.