The Macroeconomics of Chinese kleptocracy

http://brontecapital.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/macroeconomics-of-chinese-kleptocracy.html

by alecco • 14 years ago

199 79 14 years ago

brontecapital.blogspot.co.uk

lets just say that they learned from the best ;)

ridruejo• 14 years ago

John Hempton (the author of the blog) is awesome, thought the crap he has to deal with is usually not. I find his accounts fascinating, kind of an Australian Michael Lewis mini-me. You can take a look at another post from him of a couple of years ago taking a look at Linux/Windows/Apple http://brontecapital.blogspot.com.es/2010/08/fund-manager-ex...

narrator3• 14 years ago

Negative savings rates are fine, as long as capital is created and the price of goods produced by that capital is falling due to efficiency improvements.

Where you get the boom/bust is when increased investment and loans creates a feedback loop with the money multiplier causing prices of assets to increase in value even as the supply of those goods increases. Production is encouraged to become wasteful and inefficient because inflation and production taking place over time takes care of the profit margin. When the credit runs out, interest drags the prices back to their non-inflated money supply value and you get debt deflation and doom and gloom covers on The Economist.

China fixes debt deflation by printing the money and handing it to the banks in exchange for their bad loans. In the west, the way things are set up, for better or for worse, we have to borrow it into existence and pay it back with interest, further burdening the tax payer and forcing government austerity. China can take care of the moral hazard that comes with printed money bank bailouts because the government has political control of the financial sector. The government routinely tells banks to stop lending to certain sectors and slaps very specific regulations on to what kind of people and on what terms bank can lend to borrowers. In the west, we like to let the "free market" run things which is why we got rid of Glass/Stegal, etc.

jasonwatkinspdx3• 14 years ago

I don't see how what you're saying addresses anything in the article. What am I missing?

crdoconnor2• 14 years ago

It sounds like "kleptocracy is fine provided it doesn't cause a boom/bust cycle".

jasonwatkinspdx3• 14 years ago

To elaborate: I can understand how temporarily forcing a negative nominal savings rates on a population might be beneficial in the short term in the Keynesian sense.

But a forced, regressive negative real savings rate? I cannot think of a moral justification for that.

nikcub• 14 years ago

Having a country being run as a Mafia state is better than living in a real estate bubble?

maratd• 14 years ago

> Negative savings rates are fine, as long as capital is created and the price of goods produced by that capital is falling due to efficiency improvements.

Plain English: Theft-level interest rates are OK, as long as you have deflation.

China is not experiencing deflation, so it is not OK.

> China fixes debt deflation by printing the money and handing it to the banks in exchange for their bad loans.

To make sure that inflation occurs, yes, China prints money. This is a fine balancing act, as the article implies.

Print too little, deflation takes place and all the SOEs collapse. Panic + revolution. Print too much, you get a high inflation rate. Also panic + revolution.

cynicalkane• 14 years ago

In the west, the way things are set up, for better or for worse, we have to borrow it into existence and pay it back with interest, further burdening the tax payer and forcing government austerity

Not only is this opinion not right, it's not even wrong. When you say "we", are you talking about the Fed? Banks? Consumer debt and credit? Since you're talking about "burdening the tax payer and forcing government austerity", I'll suppose you're taking about Treasury-backed Federal Reserve currency. Now, the Fed remands almost all of its profit back to the Treasury, so we're actually talking about the opposite--Federal Reserve printed currency is seignorage, it's very close free money to the government. The taxpayer pays almost nothing for as long as the debt-backed money exists.

A lot of this narrative seems to depend on popular, but bad, memes of armchair economics, so I'm just picking out the worst one.

jkn• 14 years ago

Your mistake is to consider the Fed profits instead of the profits derived by the private sector from money lent to the government.

The government is running a deficit, but the law (treaties in Europe) forbid it to fund itself by printing money. So it needs to reduce expenses and/or increase taxes, but in the meantime it has to borrow from the market (whether that happens through the central bank like in the US is irrelevant). Borrowed money is not free at all as you say, it comes with an interest that is paid to the private lender, not to the Fed. The interest adds to the deficit, increasing the drive for higher taxes (hence the burdening of the tax payer) and lower expenses (hence the austerity).

This mode of funding often amounts to a tax on the poor (through spending cuts in social programs for example) and to a lesser extent a tax on the rich (through tax hikes). A government funded directly through printed money is more of a tax on the rich, due to the loss of value of their savings and assets. It also makes it much easier to run an irresponsible budget.

narrator3• 14 years ago

Why do we have the treasury market at all with the government paying interest to private individuals who do nothing and have no risk when the government could just print the money like China? People who own government bonds (the ones that are not the fed) are getting paid an enormous amount of risk-free interest courtesy of the taxpayer.

RockyMcNuts• 14 years ago

Negative savings rates? China has one of the highest savings rates in the world. Did you mean negative real interest rates? Even so, still gibberish. Building see-through buildings, palatial headquarters for SEOs and vanity projects is as wasteful as anything we see in the West, if not more so. Some impressive modern architecture and engineering, though.

Boom/bust economics don't apply to China because there isn't a free capital market (legitimately anyway, there is a shadow underground financial system in some parts, not sure how big).

It's not really a market economy, it's selective application of market principles in a primarily top-down government-run economy.

Government directs SEOs to build apartments, high-speed rail etc., banks to lend for it, and bails everyone out if it doesn't make money. Result is massive resource misallocation. (Not that the West doesn't misallocate resources, build see-through buildings, Pets.com, etc.)

Another good read on China is here - http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2012/05/a-different-way-of-look...

fleitz• 14 years ago

Except for the one child policy and a few other specifics I'm not sure that the poster is actually talking about China.

trevelyan2• 14 years ago

This post does not pass the smell test. Yes, there is a lot of corruption in China and the political elite is enriching itself at the expense of the public and private sector. One mechanism for this certainly involves the government suppressing interest rates on bank deposits, and then directing banks to provide loans to preferred enterprises, which often engage in real estate. This is not actually a horrible approach to development since it keeps the government from having to finance everything up-front and a lot of the time the projects actually end up working. But sometimes it leads to non-performing loans and everyone knows there is much more of this than is claimed.

But even so the alarmism doesn't make any sense. If we multiply the amount of state-acknowledged NPLs at the largest five Chinese banks (~300 billion RMB) by an order of magnitude and we still only have 500 billion USD in bad assets. Sure this is a lot of money, but the Chinese government has previously dealt with the NPL issue by dumping cash into the banking sector and will doubtless continue to do so if necessary to maintain the status quo. 500 billion dollars still pales in comparison to China's more than 3 trillion in foreign currency reserves, so who cares? In reality, this system is actually sort of preferable since no-one can effectively loot state currency reserves yet, so bailing out the banks gets the money back into play.

To the extent there are stresses in the system, its that real estate development has been on the rocks since 2008 and prices are getting past the point where people can throw themselves into practical servitude in order to buy property. If you follow the Chinese media, right now it looks like the bubble will play out with local governments buying properties from cash-strapped developers at inflated prices (bonus question: guess who will issue the loans to finance this?) in order to turn them into social housing projects (bonus question two: guess who you need to be related to in order to get apportioned these assets?). Since it seems likely the poor are going to get screwed regardless, the real losers in the coming years are Chinese citizens locked into 30 or 40 year mortgages on underwhelming properties who will soon find themselves doubly-screwed as cash-strapped localities who can no longer charge real estate developers such inflated prices for real estate switch to issuing property taxes instead.

jasonwatkinspdx3• 14 years ago

Interesting that you feel the need to start your refutation with nothing more than "smells bad." To me that reads like you don't even believe your own envelope arithmetic enough to not throw in some superfluous rhetorical support.

trevelyan2• 14 years ago

Huh? The post claims non-performing loans are some sort of poison pill for Chinese economic and political stability. The point of the back-of-the-envelope calculation is to show this isn't the case using some simple math. The blogger could easily have run those numbers himself.

And the reason I said "smells bad" instead of "wrong" is that China is complex and some things that seem wrong on first pass might actually be right. As far as I know, for instance, the blogger is also wrong when he implies that the big four are holding significant amounts of Treasuries on their balance sheets. The reason I believe this is because the People's Bank of China sterilizes currency inflows and monopolizes currency exchange. So the banks which are the most exposed to non-performing SOE debt should not have the USD to invest in US Treasuries and it should mostly be the PBOC which handles Treasury purchases. Googling for terms like "ICBC" and "US Treasury Bonds" suggests this is in fact the case since it doesn't pull up any documents suggesting ICBC is buying Treasuries. But maybe the bank is awash in them and the blogger knows something other people don't? China is strange. It could happen.

jseliger• 14 years ago

The linked post also uses a cultural explanation for the high Chinese savings rate, when James Fallows demonstrates in this Atlantic article: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/01/the-14-t... that the state engineers an artificially high savings rate in order to keep its currency relatively weak. The mechanism is too strong to describe here, but China in essence forces manufacturers and other exporters to save instead of spend.

A mistake of this magnitude doesn't automatically discount the rest of the original post, but it does make me suspicious.

chaostheory• 14 years ago

It's always interesting to focus on China and I definitely do not disagree with the article. However based on the subject, what is happening in China is also happening elsewhere; especially in the West. I think it's also important to look in the mirror and get our own house in order first.

Sambdala• 14 years ago

It's easier to see what's wrong in a particularly egregious example (savings rates approaching 50%!!!) and then later examine what parallels you can find in your own (assuming you're not Chinese) culture.

kylebrown• 14 years ago

Right, corruption is a global pandemic. Who can say how much the bids are rigged in awarding US military-industrial contracts (funded both by US taxpayers and global dollar-demand), to say nothing of state and local gov contracts (eg NYC paying $632m for a 911 phone system upgrade[1]). And wall street fleecing everyone else, as usual.[2]

The article makes some very insightful points, but I'm not convinced that Chinese SOEs are more evil than any other centers of power (just one manifestion of growing inequality). One casualty overlooked here are Chinese SMEs: "The real problem is the limited presence of other financial intermediaries and the rudimentary nature of bond and equity markets, both of which poorly serve the needs of small private companies and local governments."[3],[4]

The author is right about deflation as the sandtrap up ahead, but that's just the consequence of a decelerating economy and we're still to see how soft/hard China lands. In doing a root cause analysis, one can chase down endless trails corruption. But if you want to find a problem which can be solved with a technological solution (as opposed to a social solution), it comes down to a distinct lack of progress in energy tech. Productivity gains in IT just haven't been enough to offset the rising cost of energy (as argued by Peter Thiel)[5]. Sure, the rising cost of energy is tempered a bit during deflationary cycles. But its a lose-lose, because so is economic growth (harmed both by too much inflation and deflation).

1. http://yro.slashdot.org/story/12/05/31/1953210/comptroller-a...

2. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/business/banks-could-retur...

3. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-05/tall-tales-about-ch...

4. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-06/china-credit-squeez...

5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRrLyckg8Nc

meatsock2• 14 years ago

do they really have see-through apartment buildings in china or is that a mistranslation?

dynamichype2• 14 years ago

I'm going to possibly expose myself to some ribbing by assuming this this a genuine question instead of a statement that just presses the joke.

By "see-through" I assume the author refers to (mostly motel style) apartment buildings that are completely unoccupied or even unfinished and hence they lack blinds, drapes, furniture, (and sometimes walls). Thus, you can completely "see-through" them from street level.

You can---by the way---see the same phenomena in the American South where gulf-relief zones made building (or to start building) new apartments/condos in some areas practically a tax-dodge but where the natives in those areas don't have the means to buy them at even a quarter (sometimes eighth) the cost.

dynamichype2• 14 years ago

I'm not sure about in China, but in the South another way such buildings are "see-through" is that the buildings were built elevated over completely empty parking lots.

There are streets where you can see two or three streets over "through" these empty parking lots.

meatsock2• 14 years ago

i thought it might refer to buildings laying fallow and having no substance in the context of their use; ghost buildings. nowhere in the article does he refer to why they are see-through but he does mention unused buildings.

corford• 14 years ago

A good friend of mine has just moved out there and judging by what he's told me, I think this might refer to empty apartment buildings i.e. each apartment literally consists of a few walls and has no electrical wiring, plumbing, windows or anything else. They just buy the shell and sit on it.

crdoconnor2• 14 years ago

He just means unoccupied apartment buildings.

colonel_panic• 14 years ago

I think he's referring to this: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPILhiTJv7E

elchief• 14 years ago

Sounds slightly less corrupt than Wall Street.

planetguy• 14 years ago

There should be a name for the phenomenon on the internet whereby any article about any phenomenon in any non-US country of the world will inevitably result in someone piping in with "oh yeah? it's even worse in the US"

drstrangevibes2• 14 years ago

yeah its called 'highlighting hypocrisy'

cs7023• 14 years ago

There are a lot of things I don't understand about China's economy, and every time I think I might have a handle on it, I come across juicy tidbits like these ones:

* The ghost city of Ordos. Built on spec for one million residents, this city sits empty in the middle of nowhere. A lot of money went into building all its plazas, museums, parks, office buildings, and residences, but no one needs or uses any of it.[1]

* The New South China Mall, in Guangdong Province. With nearly 10 million square feet of retail space, it's by far the world's largest mall. Opened in 2005, almost no one ever visits it, and only around 1% of the retail space has been leased -- it just sits empty. A lot of money went into building it, but no one needs or uses it.[2]

* A well-known hedge fund manager recently reported that China is building "2.8 billion square metres of Class A office space over the following couple of years... That’s basically a five-foot by five-foot office cubicle for every man, woman and child in China.” A lot of money is going into building a new cubicle for everyone, but what's the economic rationale?[3]

[1] Here's a recent BBC article on it: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17390729 and a great photo essay in Time: http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1975397,00.htm...

[2] Here's a recent video of the mall on a Saturday: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eel1r1nm1lU and here's an article about it: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223747/Ghost-mall-T...

[3] For example, see http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazi...

twelvechairs2• 14 years ago

A few points (with no overarching narrative):

- China's construction industry is a force unto itself - important economically and a huge employer. Its hard to say 'stop'.

- As it said in the OP - property seems the simplest way to invest money. After all, can prices go down when they are already so low compared to the west?

- In the west we built in the 1960s at (what seemed then) a ridiculous pace, with new building typologies that were often terribly designed. Like us, they will be living with (or in) the consequences for the next 50 years.

- Various levels of govt are already trying to put the brakes on the worse kinds of speculative development, with some success. Aside from the already clear examples of 'bad investment' (like the ones you point out) - the brakes are already coming from other directions too.

jbattle• 14 years ago

Why can't prices go down? As chinese apartment-owners start to look to 'cash in' their investment en masse, the supply/demand equation will flip and people will see at whatever prices they can to get some cash back out of their investment.

Unlike Chinese workers, a Chinese apartment is never going to compete against a western apartment

WalterSear2• 14 years ago

Simple: cargo cult economics. All modern western countries have big cities, masses of office space, and huge shopping malls.

est3• 14 years ago

> The ghost city of Ordos

Did you know Ordos has higher GDP per captica than HongKong?

etrain• 14 years ago

Only in certain environments does divide by zero == +Infinity.

cs7023• 14 years ago

Surely. Every single yuan spent on construction -- whether what is being built is useful or not -- gets added to GDP; so, if one takes all the spending in Ordos and divides it by its near-zero population, the number is surely impressive.

The same logic applies to the entire country's GDP, BTW: take out spending on construction, and China's GDP growth looks a lot less impressive.

Estragon• 14 years ago

  > There are a lot of things I don't understand about 
  > China's economy

I found the videos which the following blog post is based on quite illuminating. Unfortunately, the videos seem to have been taken down.

http://asiavalueinvesting.blogspot.com/2011/09/chinese-banks...

PakG1• 14 years ago

A lot of money is going into building a new cubicle for everyone, but what's the economic rationale?[3]

Often, the economic rationale is simply the desire to create jobs (on the part of the government to stave on social unrest) and the desire to create profit (on the part of private enterprises that couldn't figure out how to be more innovative and so jumped on the bandwagon of the construction boom without seeing the risks).

As another comment notes, the government has realized this is a bad situation, and they're trying to put the breaks on it, but it's hard to do that and also enable a soft landing so that there's little or no social unrest. They're trying to shift from an infrastructure investment-driven economy to a consumption economy and an innovation economy, and the big debate is whether or not they have the right horses to be able to compete in that race.

rcamera• 14 years ago

I once read a Citibank's report on China's real estate market that might give insights to the answer to that. The report is lengthy, as it addresses many questions, but the core argument for the craziness in China's real estate market is that it is the most common form of (long-term) investment in China, and the government is the biggest beneficiary of it.

Basically, if you look at an asset breakdown of personal wealth, real estate will account for 65% of all investments in China, while in other countries like the US or in the EU, that number is close to 20% (source: World Bank & Citibank's Investment Research and Analysis). Other than that, because of a reform on the tax sharing mechanism (in 1994), local governments are highly dependent on the real estate market, as 40-55% of their direct income comes from land sales and property-related taxes. That gives the government a very high incentive to keep property prices up and the real estate market booming.

I can email the report to anyone interested in it (sorry, can't just upload to the public here, I worked at Citibank once, could get me into trouble), just send an email to me (rafaelcamera@gmail.com) and remember to put HN on the subject.

wisty• 14 years ago

> That gives the government a very high incentive to keep property prices up and the real estate market booming

Note, the central government doesn't want high prices, but the Chinese government is not entirely monolithic. "Heaven is high, and the Emperor is far away", is a common Chinese saying - people bend the rules when they can get away with it.

But yes, local governments get a lot of their revenue from land scales. If they are anything like Western local governments, they also get most of their bribes from developments (there are opportunities for zoning bribes, development approval bribes, building inspection bribes, waste disposal bribes, infrastructure connection bribes, and so on, depending on how corrupt they are).

arethuza2• 14 years ago

I've just finished reading Boomerang by Michael Lewis and that huge concentration of assets in real estate sounds awfully like Ireland before the crash of 2008 - on a tiny scale compared to China, of course.

Do you think that is valid comparison? (NB In many ways I hope it isn't as a crash like Ireland's on the scale of China would presumably be disastrous).

analyst74• 14 years ago

Well, China is power-centric culture rather than money-centric. This means you cannot assume market participants are all there to maximize their monetary gain, which is assumed by most economic theories.

For example, a large force behind the housing bubble is the drive to increase local GDP, which is a vital promotion metric for local officials; another force is local bank executives' desire to pretty-up their promotion metric by pushing for more "safe" yet profitable loans. Construction companies are mostly just there to ride the train.

simonh• 14 years ago

> For example, a large force behind the housing bubble is the drive to increase local GDP, >which is a vital promotion metric for local officials;

Also top party men are rotated from region to region regularly, so they only care about the local economy for as long as they are in tenure, typically 5 years. Whatever happens after that isn't their problem.

The guys who built those empty cities and super-malls moved onwards and upwards. You can always blame the guy who took over after you for dropping the ball, or the guy you took over from for passing you a dud.

shimon_e3• 14 years ago

A city for one million residents is very small for China. Most of the time such a place would only be called a village. I lived in another ghost city in China for a few months. Suddenly, over night the city filled up and everyone was told they must work in a certain industry. Previously there was some other small industry (e.g. a shipping company with a few trucks with using the street as a warehouse and local services like a laundry mat). They were all kicked out because they were not the designated industry. The laundry mat re-opened a few weeks later on another street.

People forget that China is a command economy. The government tells you where to live and what to do. If you want to live somewhere else or do something else you need to apply for permission from the government.

Cities like Ordos shouldn't make anyone blink. Once the government knows what it wants to do it will be filled overnight.

warmwaffles• 14 years ago

Do you have any references for this anecdote? I'm very interested in this

westiseast• 14 years ago

Sorry, but you're just 100% wrong. You're describing some version of China from the 1960s, not today.

People in China are not told where to live, or what job to do. The government makes use of various macro-economic tools to steer the economy much more forcefully than in Europe perhaps, and perversely, the market forces (w/ Chinese characteristics!) are also fairly brutal and fast-changing, but people mostly choose their own professions and locations and in many respects, society behaves pretty similarly to the US/Europe.

Tichy• 14 years ago

People should write books about that sort of thing. You know how everybody thinks their lives are completely normal and boring, but from the outside, they are filled with strange things? Nobody outside of China has any idea what it is like to live there. Any novel about daily Chinese live should be interesting.

In a similar vein, I remember how weird it sounded to me when an american friend told me in texas there are such big malls that people go there for working out (running) indoors.

guard-of-terra• 14 years ago

"2.8 billion square metres of Class A office space" The grading inflation makes me sad. If you have 2.8 bn sq meters of above average quality office space, how much average and adequate quality office space do you have?

furiouslysleepy• 14 years ago

Just one really shitty cubicle.

taybin• 14 years ago

The article mentions how property is the best savings institution the Chinese have, so they build even if there isn't a buyer yet.

JPKab• 14 years ago

"There are a lot of things I don't understand about China's economy, and every time I think I might have a handle on it, I come across juicy tidbits like these ones:"

Every tidbit you state is fully explained in the article's explanation of the lack of investment vehicles for middle and low income Chinese. When your bank account has a negative real interest rate, then real estate becomes a great vehicle for it, provided there is no crash. I suspect that the lack of non-government media in China causes many of the investors in these properties to have no idea that they sit dormant.

digitalzombie• 14 years ago

I've read about those, it feels like their economy is base on building stuff.

They've also built one of the longest bridge that only save like 20 minute of traffic...

http://www.autoblog.com/2011/07/01/china-opens-26-mile-long-...

twelvechairs2• 14 years ago

It doesn't take a genius (or quite so many words) to come to the conclusion that when the economy is growing fast corruption starts and when the economy slows down the poor will get angry about cortuption.

That said - I'm not really for predicting the future in narrative form like this because it is very one eyed. There's plenty of signs pointing in other directions as well.

harrypreston• 14 years ago

In China, a married couple who are both only-children can actually have 2 children. This was an alteration to the policy made in 2010 and was exactly designed to stop the 4 grandparent problem.

Ref: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2009/10/28/f-rfa-germain....

superslug• 14 years ago

I dont get it.. when the Western nations steal resources from other countries (Oil,natural resources,scientists etc) its considered growth or "preserving" interests... when the chinese or any other non-westen countries do this its considered a kleptocracy?

sounds like sour grapes to me...

yaix• 14 years ago

The article forgets about the big business of the local gov'ts in China, who are the driving (selling) force behind the building boom. It is correct, that investment in real estate is the best options for most lower and middle class Chinese.

The local gov'ts expropriate the land from peasants and sell is for housing development. In the absense of substantial tax income, this is the one important source of income for cities and towns. There is often no legal way for people to fight the expropriation, because executive and judicative powers are all in the local party's hand.

gringomorcego• 14 years ago

I wonder if anyone actually understood what the one child policy would have. I mean, was this predictable? Did the Chinese government know it was going to create this situation?

quantgenius• 14 years ago

Based on the comments it seems many people are missing out on some of the most important points the blogger is making.

First, a very large percentage (maybe 40-50%) of Chinese companies going public on Western and developed Asian exchanges have turned out to be complete frauds. There have of course been some very large companies that have been very successful and they are likely completely honest, but there are also many, many often smaller companies who's financial statements are pure fiction.

It turns out that the biggest beneficiaries of the frauds were politically connected families, yet none has been prosecuted. The Chinese had decided to open things up a little bit, essentially taking baby steps towards the Western model and require companies to file at least a minimal amount of information domestically and to make some this information theoretically publicly available. Furthermore when a company goes publicly in most markets outside China, it has to file a whole smorgasbord of financial information.

Most of these frauds were uncovered by a careful examination of financial statements companies going public were required to file. A number of the frauds were in fact discovered by this blogger himself (see his earlier posts). In many cases the financial statements were just ludicrously implausible. In other cases they were listing facilities which did not exist etc. Very few were in anything other than plain view.

Remember that this really hurts honest Chinese companies (and there are many high quality Chinese companies that do things by the book) because you are going to have to do far more due diligence on a Chinese company because you can't really rely on the financial statements. Even after you do due diligence you are going to demand a discount. While there is a mania for anything Chinese by naive retail investors everything seems fine if you are a small company with a limited float but for a huge company trying to raise a lot of capital, you have to raise money from well informed institutions.

While companies that only list domestically are harder to do due diligence on, it seems, based on work done by the blogger and others, that the percentage of frauds listing on the Shanghai exchange is at least as high as the percentage of frauds listing on foreign exchanges.

Imagine if 40-50% of US companies going public over a period of time were frauds and this was discovered through their public filings. Legislators and regulators would be lining up to require more disclosure. Instead the Chinese have now changed the law so Chinese companies have to file less information and the information they do file is practically a state secret. This is somewhat akin to companies trading on the NYSE filing absolutely NO financial statements and the SEC and Congress preventing anyone from seeing what they did file.

Especially given that in the few cases where it is possible to trace the ultimate beneficiary of the frauds, it has been a politically connected family member, none of whom have been prosecuted, it is hard to ascribe any reason to pass rules restricting access to company financial information other than a desire by the elites to steal as much as they can through stock fraud.

The Macroeconomics of Chinese kleptocracy

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