MoonScript - A programmer friendly language that compiles to Lua.

http://moonscript.org/

by newtonapple • 15 years ago

107 67 15 years ago

moonscript.org

malkia• 15 years ago

That looks very cool!

clyfe3• 15 years ago

There's also this effort https://github.com/CDR2003/coffee-script-lua don't know how far it reached tough.

gmac• 15 years ago

Almost all the examples look like pure CoffeeScript (so I find it strange that this isn't mentioned/namechecked anywhere on the site).

Edit: happily, an attribution has now been added at the bottom, as noted in child comments.

clyfe3• 15 years ago

Indeed. It also saddens me that it does not stick to CS conventions - lots of extra cruft ( the ! for zero-arity method invocation -- instead # for comments etc )

Cushman3• 15 years ago

Just in case anyone else misread this— the comment symbol in MoonScript is literally `--`.

stephth6• 15 years ago

-- is the Lua syntax for comments. I'm curious about why the author kept it.

ColinWright2• 15 years ago

Are you actually claiming that "#" is a computer science convention for comments? It's not used in C, C++, Fortran, Lua, or many other languages. For example, comments in OCaml are ( * ... * ) (I've put extra spaces to thwart HN's formatting.

Language using "--" for comments include Lua and Haskell.

You've made me curious - what languages to you use/know that make you think "#" is a "CS convention" for comments?

EDIT: Found a reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_langu...

Further edit: In response to the clarification that CS meant CoffeeScript and not Computer Science (nor the riot control gas), the point, I guess, then follows other commentators, who observe that Lua, to which this compiles, uses "--".

Cushman3• 15 years ago

Wow, yeah. I wouldn't complain personally, since I love CoffeeScript syntax, but it is pretty odd that it's not mentioned at all. Edit: As seen above, it's mentioned now, so I'm happy :)

It's still a little irritating that they've changed things that CS handles quite elegantly to be less expressive, presumably just out of a desire to be different. I understand changes to the syntax are necessary for various reasons, but something like ! for argumentless function calls instead of () just seems like needless divergence. Was that extra character really killing you? Is the confusion with other meanings of ! really worth it?

ColinWright2• 15 years ago

At the bottom of the page (which you can get to by clicking on "About") it says:

    About

    The syntax of MoonScript has been heavily inspired
    by syntax CoffeeScript.

leafo3• 15 years ago

Hi, I'm the author. You're right about the resemblance to CoffeeScript. I added some recognition at the bottom. Thanks for pointing it out, I just got the site up within the last hour so there are still finishing touches to be made.

evanlong• 15 years ago

Are you the same leafo that founded apedick.com? You are my hero.

candeira• 15 years ago

I am curious about why didn't you just implement the CoffeeScript syntax outright? Learning just one syntax would make it easier for people wanting to deploy to JavaScript and to Lua.

Imagine that C on the PDP-11 had a slightly different syntax from C on x86, and the syntax were different from that on C on ARM, etc.

nknight3• 15 years ago

Some of this is a definite improvement over Lua, but I'm getting really tired of some of these cute little syntaxes showing up everywhere, like '->' and '=>' for creating functions, and what's with this:

! operator can be used to call a function with no arguments

Seriously?

I feel like people are coming up with these things just to be "different". Programming language syntax is a UI, and needs to be treated like one -- you don't make major changes to basic UI paradigms without convincing reason.

Edit: Maybe more to the point, you don't add random buttons to a UI that do non-obvious things. Language syntax should be self-evident and quickly readable, and shouldn't require careful parsing of individual characters.

thurn• 15 years ago

What's the fun of that? Playing with new syntax ideas is the whole point of language creation.

nknight3• 15 years ago

If this were somebody's toy or research language, I wouldn't be complaining, but when a language is clearly being marketed as something people would want to use in the real world, I expect it to be based on real evidence and real experience, not just somebody playing around.

gjm11• 15 years ago

For some languages and some creators, perhaps. Personally, I think playing with new semantics ideas is more interesting.

aashay• 15 years ago

Anybody try writing an iPhone app with MoonScript -> Lua -> Wax -> Objective C?

chriseidhof• 15 years ago

Exactly! I think they only need some kind of way to add syntax for obj-c style messages.

If only objc would remove the square brackets (and stay true to smalltalk), the syntax would be so much nicer:

NSArray* array = NSArray alloc init autorelease NSDictionary* dict = NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:obj,key,nil

...

jacques_chester6• 15 years ago

> Exactly! I think they only need some kind of way to add syntax for obj-c style messages.

http://olua.sourceforge.net/ ?

> If only objc would remove the square brackets (and stay true to smalltalk), the syntax would be so much nicer:

Objective C is (or at least it used to be, not sure ATM) a strict superset of C. One of the ways this is achieved is through having orthogonal syntax for the smalltalk-ish bits compared to classic C.

jacques_chester6• 15 years ago

I quite like the lua syntax as-is.

It's simple, predictable and easy to read.

This obsession with boiling everything down to strings of symbols is how folk wind up making fun of Perl and OCaml.

What's this do?

    $$&[%]

Or this?

?:>

Buggered if I know. Only a professional Perl or OCaml programmer could tell you -- and indeed I made those up. Only a professional Perl or OCaml programmer could tell if they do anything at all.

But pretty much anyone from any language background can eyeball an Algol-family syntax and tell you what's going down.

chc2• 15 years ago

I think you must be confused. OCaml is not all that punctuation heavy and doesn't have overloaded operators to make it punctuation heavy.

jacques_chester6• 15 years ago

I must be, but here's how I remember it (bearing in mind that memory is faulty).

A few years ago I took a unit in my comp sci degree, "Programming Paradigms". The language used for teaching was F#, which is heavily inspired by OCaml. At one point we were given readings on OCaml programs and a particular operator popped up -- something like "is subtype of", I fail to recall exactly -- and it looked like :>? or :?> or similar.

I bitched loudly in the unit forum about this operator, whereupon the professor politely informed me that he, in fact, had invented that little bit of syntax when he was a PhD student at INRIA.

He didn't flunk me! Dr Rowan Davies, still the most scary-smart computer scientist I've met.

swah• 15 years ago

1.0 + 2.0 <- Not valid OCaml! :)

But I love OCaml, I don't why it isn't more hacked/forked.

chc2• 15 years ago

On rereading, I realized this might give a false impression. OCaml does allow the user to define an operator, but a confluence of the type system (which doesn't allow overloading and makes abstracting types sufficiently difficult that it doesn't justify the minor syntactic nicety of a custom operators) and precedence rules means that most OCaml code you'll see does not use a lot of weird operators like you'll find in advanced Haskell code. I'm not an OCaml guru, but that's what I've seen.

stephth6• 15 years ago

That's quite a bit of an exaggeration in this case. Look at the simple syntax for OOP or default argument values. That's a lot of cruft removed compared to Lua. The less you need to read the better, as long as it's readable.

tomp2• 15 years ago

I wonder why you got OCaml involved... from my experience, OCaml is one of the cleanest languages known, sure there are a few special symbols and operators, like :=, :: and +., but there are relatively few, so you just learn them like you would in any other language (e.g. C has ?:, == and ++).

Sure, OCaml allows you to specify new operators, but the rules are pretty simple, and you cannot arbitrarily fuck up the syntax.

neworbit• 15 years ago

Very cool. I confess I'm not likely to use it anytime soon, since I am conversant with how Lua works today and not so much with Coffeescript, but I'm glad for the aid to adoption!

blackRust• 15 years ago

The first thing I do is click on the 'Lua' link. http://ww.lua.org Really? Please fix.

stephth6• 15 years ago

This looks very promising. Congrats on the launch.

I am enjoying this wave of new programming languages that compile down to existing ones in a human readable way. They are pleasant to write and read and yet performant and don't require a special runtime, making them easy to integrate anywhere in their parent language.

I hope someone talented will build one of these for C/C++. Mobile an game developers could use it.

anonymoushn2• 15 years ago

Luajit already enjoys performance in the ballpark of native code. As far as I know, mobile and game developers do use it.

stephth6• 15 years ago

Lua is fast as scripting languages go, but saying it's in the same performance ballpark as native code is a stretch [1]. Game developers that use Lua commonly rely on C/C++ for low level routines.

There's a space for innovation there. ooc [2] has been a step in that direction, although its usage of garbage collection makes it much less flexible than CoffeeScript or MoonScript. I don't think developers need to be abstracted from memory management at low level. What they could use is getting rid of a lot of cruft, to be able to write/read/think more quickly.

[1] http://attractivechaos.github.com/plb [2] http://ooc-lang.org/

Herald_MJ• 15 years ago

Lua isn't programmer friendly?

walrus• 15 years ago

No one said it wasn't. The author claims that MoonScript is programmer friendly, but he never said that Lua isn't. It's an alternative, but not necessarily an improvement.

wsxiaoys• 15 years ago

Wow, i've asked this before, http://www.reddit.com/r/coffeescript/comments/hmtjv/what_abo...

Really happy to see some action!

skrebbel• 15 years ago

In all honesty, what's the point of this? I understand the point of compiling to JavaScript simply because that's the only language that runs on the most ubiquitous platform in the world. Why compile to any other high-level language?

Are there so many similar places where users are forced to use Lua, to warrant an extra layer? (with all the complexities such as debugging, a compile step, tracing errors back to MoonScript code, etc)

Note, I'm not commenting about the language's choices. Maybe coding in MoonScript rocks big time. I just don't get why it compiles to Lua.

v21• 15 years ago

Lua wins for in-game scripting and embedded devices. In these places, it's Lua, or hacking onto the C/C++ engine/framework code. Or, now, MoonScript with some extra fuss. Mind, Lua isn't terrible, so I think I'd stick to Lua and avoid the fuss. But others will disagree.

silentbicycle3• 15 years ago

It'd make more sense to me if it were compiling a very different kind of language, such as a Constraint/Logic programming language. I really like Lua for scripting, as-is.

Lua's portability & smooth C integration make it an interesting code generation target (not to mention LuaJIT's performance). And however you feel about working in Lua, its code is straightforward to generate - the syntax is refreshingly free of odd corner cases.

jethroalias97• 15 years ago

It is odd the designer decided to compile to lua. It's probably because it's easier to knock out the language fast that way. Although usually when someone wants to do this they compile to C and use gcc from there (this is what go did in the beginning), but they also usually admit this is a hack, not a feature and that they will later compile directly to assembly.

ukaszg• 15 years ago

Also Moonscript is difficult to read (at least compared to Lua).

If you miss OO in Lua, use some OO library (I like middleclass).

Honestly, I don't see any gain in Moonscript.

leafo3• 15 years ago

I think it being difficult to read is entirely subjective. I don't know Haskell, and if I were to look at the code for a Haskell project I wouldn't understand it, but that doesn't mean that those who use it find it difficult to read.

After writing the majority of the compiler in MoonScript itself, and some other scripts, I've actually grown to like it and I find it perfectly readable. More readable than Lua in fact, because half of the text on my screen isn't the keyword `local` :). Try it out, if you code Lua then I think you might like it.

leafo3• 15 years ago

I can understand your doubt. After writing a decent amount of Lua I really started to notice it lacking succinct ways to express things that I've become used to in other languages.

So I wrote the language for myself to use, but I've opened it up for other people because I think there is some potential for it. The use case for MoonScript is the same as the use case for Lua.

Also I have done a lot of mitigate the pains of compiling and debugging. It's actually pretty seamless, I've done stuff like automatic code compilation on require, and error line number rewriting. I urge you to check out the documentation: <http://moonscript.org/reference/#moonscript_api>;

unixbeard• 15 years ago

Lua is significantly faster than most dynamic languages (LuaJIT is faster than most static languages as well), and the Lua runtime is small, portable, flexible and easily embeddable. Creating a runtime from scratch with these properties would be difficult, while targeting Lua makes it nearly free.

Many languages compile to an intermediate format of some kind. The complexities you cite are easily be hidden. MoonScript already makes compiling and error traceback invisible, and I expect direct debugging of MoonScript files will be doable at some point as well.

This is the first I've heard of MoonScript, but I've long wondered why more languages don't use Lua as a target.

wildmXranat• 15 years ago

If this compiles into Lua/JIT bytecode then there might be a use for it, if this transforms into Lua code then what is the point? Lua is a great and simple language, so this would seem useless

wisty• 15 years ago

Not everyone thinks that Lua is great. It's certainly a nice language, and it's popular in some niches, but some people like implicit variable declarations, classes (at times), and comprehensions.

Also, I can see it compiling into JavaScript as well. I'm not sure if that would be a good idea, or a really horrible one, though.

jacques_chester6• 15 years ago

It's not an acronym, it's an ordinary noun: Lua.

My main grudge against Lua purely as a language is that it has implicit global variables. I can live with the rest of the idiosyncracies.

My main grudge in day-to-day programming is the ecosystem, it's very small. It's a chicken-and-egg thing.

silentbicycle3• 15 years ago

Lua's compiler adds very little overhead, compared to loading directly from luac's precompiled bytecode. It has a really fast, single pass compiler, which is optimized for reading in data serialized as Lua tables. Lua was designed with JSON-like use cases in mind.

Its compiler doesn't do much analysis / optimization, but the performance of individual Lua constructs is usually easy to reason about.

hxa7241• 15 years ago

'Lua bytecode' does not really exist -- i.e. it has no public definition -- the developers can change it in any way at any time -- only the Lua language itself is 'defined'.

strmpnk• 15 years ago

What's the point of locking yourself to a bytecode when Lua code JITs just fine on LuaJIT? Lua is a great language and this looks like another alternative. I doubt we're looking at exclusion here.

z92• 15 years ago

The next time I need to code in C, I shall try moonscript first. Thanks author for this great piece of software.

hackinthebochs• 15 years ago

I will be extremely happy when the whitespace-for-blocks fad passes. I have a feeling it's going to be a long winter.

vjeux• 15 years ago

http://moonscript.org/reference/#considerations

    b = x-10
    is converted to
    local b = x(-10)

This looks like to be really error prone.

rbxbx• 15 years ago

The killer feature of MoonScript would be 0 based indexes. See no mention of it though...

svdad• 15 years ago

Still don't understand the fad for "programmer-friendly" languages. Why on earth would you even start learning to program if you didn't find something diabolically fascinating about learning a new syntax for symbolic computation?

C, C++, APL, etc. all seem perfectly "programmer-friendly" to me, once you've learned them...

MoonScript - A programmer friendly language that compiles to Lua.

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