Focal point (game theory)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_point_(game_theory)

by apsec112 • 6 years ago

65 13 6 years ago

en.wikipedia.org

jbrot• 6 years ago

A related concept I’ve read about is the “Schelling Coin,” where a crypto contract accepts community input and then pays out to everyone who submitted the most popular answer. The idea being that you label the contract with something like “temperature in Chicago” which causes the actual temperature in Chicago to be the only value everyone is likely to agree on (i.e., the real value becomes the Schelling point)—thereby allowing for decentralized embedding of real world information into the block chain.

I’m unclear if this mechanism is actually in use, though, and I’ve seen a convincing attack proposed which might explain why Schelling coins don’t seem to be in widespread use.

lwansbrough• 6 years ago

Sounds vulnerable to a 51% attack. ;)

dfgdghdf• 6 years ago

Since such oracles will probably be used for insurance contracts, that risk can be priced in.

hobofan• 6 years ago

I've worked in the space, and I don't know of any robust method in use that is using Schelling points to solve the Oracle Problem (without the help of any "trusted dispute resolution").

It's done to some degree with prediction markets, but the main problems those generally have are that they predict binary events, which just like binary options are prone to fraud. Even when used for continous ranges (like your temperature example), they generally suffer from semantic "fuzziness" if they are expressed in natural language.

bowaggoner3• 6 years ago

Prediction markets also exist for non-binary events, whether a finite set of outcomes, countably infinite, continuous, or beyond.

Instead, the problem is they still require an oracle for the actual event outcome. That is, everyone is betting on some event, but once it happens, an oracle is needed to tell the market what the actual outcome was. So they don't solve the oracle problem. They're another application that can make use of oracles.

3170702• 6 years ago

The Schelling point works when there is no communication. But how do you know if your community members are not communicating?

bowaggoner3• 6 years ago

That's one big problem for sure. Another is when the information is costly to gather, and there is a Schelling point for people without the information. For example, we all get in the habit of saying "10 degrees" whenever anyone asks the temperature of any city.

Similar, there are cases like "What is the capital of the state of New York?" A Schelling-point answer might easily be New York City, even though the correct answer is Albany. There's research on this stuff in the "peer prediction" a.k.a. "information elicitation without verification" literature, e.g. Prelec, Seung, McCoy 2017: https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/...

Razengan• 6 years ago

This inspires me to make some cooperative multiplayer games with no player communication.

3170702• 6 years ago

Check out Hanabi!

lordnacho• 6 years ago

Simple example is where do you go to check if a major site is down?

Here.

BurningFrog• 6 years ago

A GMU grad student asked Schelling to sign one of his books for her.

After he signed, she asked him to place a small dot in the middle of the page.

Why? He asked.

Her reply: Because it's a Schelling Point.

Schelling said that was the first time anyone had made that request.

From https://twitter.com/GarettJones/status/1345479771853967361

bowaggoner3• 6 years ago

Should have asked for a dot "somewhere" on the page.

mcphage• 6 years ago

This seems similar to Prototype Theory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory) in Linguistics / Cog Sci — if you ask a person to name a profession, for instance, there are a small number of "prototype examples" that people tend to pick (Teacher, Doctor, Lawyer). For the example of the New York City question, "Information booth" at Grand Central is a prototype "meeting point in NYC" (I would imagine that the observation deck of the Empire State Building is as well). And "noon" is a prototype example of a time to meet.

Focal point (game theory)

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